Double Jeopardy Report
Dear friends of women in science,
UC Hastings College of Law's Work Life Law section released a report coauthored by Joan C. Williams at Hastings, Katherine W. PHillips at Columbia, and Erika V. Hall at Emory. The Double Jeopardy report is subtitled Gender Bias Against Women of Color in Science.Thanks to Susan Forsburg for suggesting this study would be interesting for forum readers.
The study begins with a good literature review, supporting four patterns of gender bias which have been shown to exist by social science research.
1. Prove It Again. Women are asked to provide more proof than men for their scientific assertions (have less credibility).
2. The Tightrope. STEM fields are viewed as requiring competence (a masculine quality) while women are expected to be have feminine qualities (being likeable). Balancing between these conficting demands is difficult for STEM women.
3. The Maternal Wall. Women are described as losing competence and work focus after having a child or children, and women who clearly remain involved and focused are penalized for not fitting the stereotype.
4. Tug of War. Gender bias effects are also felt between women, while they want to find other STEM women supportive. Early women in STEM tend to distance themselves from other women (queen bee effect). Later arrivals dislike the treatment they receive from these early STEM women.
The report's new data comes from an unusual approach. The authors interviewed science professors of color. They spoke with 60 women of color in STEM fields. In addition, an online survey of 557 scientists gave the authors more data on women of all ethnicities.
The percentages of women reporting each of the four factors, and also any who reported outright sexual harassment, were reported for the interviewed and the online surveyed women. For example, Prove It Again experiences had happened to 2/3 of the women in each of the two groups. Over 3/4 of the scientists reported Tightrope Pressures. Nearly 2/3 of the respondents with children reported Maternal Wall experiences. Over 1/2 reported Tug of War experiences. Over 1/3 reported having been subjected to outright sexual harassment.
Interesting differences were found between groups. For example, Prove It Again was reported by 76.9% of black women, 64.5% of Latina women, 63.6% of Asian Americans, and 62.7% of white women. The authors noted that, in agreement with past literature on the subject, women of color have to face both discrimination against women and against people of color (double jeopardy), which makes their bad situation worse. The different groups each had characteristic specific patterns of higher and lower rates of experiencing the problems.
The report also advocates for a process to improve the lot of STEM women, especially women of color. They support a multi step approach including as one step measuring the bias objectively and as another step, interrupting it. If measurement does not show the bias to be lessened, they suggest designing a different sort of interruption to try.
I found this report to be very well documented and interesting. You can obtain a pdf of it here.
Let me know what you think.
cheers,
Laura
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Hey Laura---
I think the tightrope is also pretty female specific. Men don't usually have to fight ideas of how they should be that push them away from typical scientific behavior.Tug of War too...not an equivalent as far as I can see for Queen Bees for men bosses of men. So three out of four seem to fit women. Prove it again, well if a man is given that assignment and not heard when he says important things, I wouldn't think it was because he was a man but because he was black, Latino, etc perhaps. It doesn't seem to me to be a problem not to deal with samples of men's attitudes here.
TNR
Dear Colenso,
You make a very good point that a comparison with how STEM treats black men and other men of color is missing from this report, and without those comparisons it's risky to say that what women of color experience is caused by being a woman in STEM. But it does seem to me that some of these issues are more likely to affect women (in particular, motherhood) while others can and do affect both men and women (Prove it again, for example). They didn't talk about feeling like a fraud but that is certainly found in both men and women.
As usual in considering studies of this area, I feel like more extensive and better designed studies seem needed.
cheers,
Laura
The 60-page report, which I have downloaded and read, has just two instances of the phrase 'black men', on page 51, thus:
'1. “Screamers” and Bullying.. ... Both Black men and Black women tend to encounter backlash if they are seen as “angry Blacks.” ...'
'2. Self-promotion. ... This also will help modest men, who encounter pushback when they don’t self-promote (Moss-Racusin, Phelan & Rudman, 2010), as well as Black men, who often encounter a backlash when they do (Hall & Livingston, 2012).'
If there is no comparison made here between the discrimination in the workplace in the Land of the Free against black men and black women, then how can we know how much of the discrimination against black women is due to their being black as opposed to their being women?
My concern, yes I will readily admit my bias, is that once again, we see here relatively privileged American women co-opting the long-standing American discrimination against African Americans of both sexes to further today's economic agenda of middle-class, university-educated women, most of whom are white.
One cannot divorce mainstream feminism in the USA today from its ugly racist roots in the likes of Rebecca Latimer Felton. One of the worst bigots in the history of the USA, and the first female US senator, Rebecca Latimer Felton was a tireless campaigner for women's rights - the rights of white women just like her that is, as the following extract demonstrates:
'Felton was also known for her conservative racial views. In an 1897 speech she said that the biggest problem facing women on the farm was the danger of black rapists. "If it takes lynching to protect women's dearest possession from drunken, ravening beasts," she said, "then I say lynch a thousand a week." She condemned anyone who dared to question the South's racial policies; when Andrew Sledd, a professor at Emory College, did just that in an article published in 1902 in the Atlantic Monthly, she was instrumental in forcing his resignation from the school.' [1]
1) http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/rebecca-latimer-felton-1835-1930
Dear Laura,
I've seen black women get chosen for special opportunities one day and then passed over for attention and respect they really need the next day. Once when a whole group of postdocs were taken to a meeting, the only one not invited by the PI to speak on our group's research was a black woman, and she had some of the best research of any of us. So I think double jeopardy is real. But also, sometimes women of color do get benefits from being rare and hard to recruit, I'd say.
KXE
