Review Article |
Featured
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Review Article |
Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in hypertension
In this Review, Guzik and colleagues discuss immune and inflammatory mechanisms of hypertension, including upstream regulators and downstream effectors as well as the complex interplay between the immune system, blood pressure regulation and end-organ damage, which can help to identify new targets for therapeutic interventions.
- Tomasz J. Guzik
- , Ryszard Nosalski
- & Grant R. Drummond
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Review Article |
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a major health-care burden
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CVAD) is a malfunction of the autonomic control of circulatory homeostasis and is an important component of post-COVID-19 syndrome. In this Review, Fedorowski and colleagues define the major forms of CVAD (including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome), and discuss the aetiology, diagnosis and management of post-COVID-19 syndrome-associated CVAD.
- Artur Fedorowski
- , Alessandra Fanciulli
- & Richard Sutton
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Review Article |
Programmed death of macrophages in atherosclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques can undergo apoptosis and several forms of regulated necrosis, including necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. In this Review, De Meyer and colleagues describe the various forms of programmed macrophage death in atherosclerosis and the potential therapeutic implications.
- Guido R. Y. De Meyer
- , Michelle Zurek
- & Wim Martinet
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Review Article |
RNA-binding proteins in cardiovascular biology and disease: the beat goes on
In this Review, the authors discuss the latest insights on RNA-binding proteins and RNA biology and appraise them in the context of cardiovascular research, summarizing the progress in our understanding of the involvement of RNA-binding proteins in cardiac biology and disease.
- Mirko Völkers
- , Thomas Preiss
- & Matthias W. Hentze
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Research Highlight |
Bone marrow adipocytes support fatty acid metabolism during MI-mediated emergency haematopoiesis
During myocardial infarction, haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells increase fatty acid oxidation, and bone marrow adipocytes can act as a local energy resource for these cells.
- Karina Huynh
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Clinical Outlook |
Left atrial appendage occlusion
Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has been rapidly adopted for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and a contraindication to oral anticoagulation. Ongoing and planned clinical trials on LAAO and the development of new devices might expand clinical indications and address the remaining challenges of device-related thrombus and peridevice leak.
- Jacqueline Saw
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Research Highlight |
Photoacoustic method enables deep imaging of blood flow
A method named photoacoustic vector tomography now enables the quantification of haemodynamics in veins at depths of more than 5 mm below the skin surface, outperforming current pure optical modalities for deep haemodynamic imaging.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Research Highlight |
Clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells in aged mice linked to pro-atherogenic phenotype
In aged mice, but not young mice, with atherosclerosis, depletion of CD8+ T cells significantly reduces atherosclerotic lesion size and necrotic core area.
- Karina Huynh
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Research Highlight |
Levothyroxine supplementation does not improve heart transplantation from brain-dead donors
The use of intravenous levothyroxine does not increase the likelihood of hearts being transplanted from haemodynamically unstable, brain-dead potential donors, suggesting that current practice recommendations should be revised.
- Gregory B. Lim
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Clinical Outlook |
Anticoagulation in patients with atrial high-rate episodes
The risk of stroke in patients with atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) depends on age, comorbidities and AHRE burden. Two randomized clinical trials on the use of oral anticoagulant therapy for stroke prevention in older patients with short and rare AHREs have reported conflicting findings on the efficacy of oral anticoagulation in this patient population, although both trials report a significantly increased risk of major bleeding with oral anticoagulation.
- Tatjana Potpara
- & Carina Blomstrom-Lundqvist
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Comment |
Not a spectator sport: improving participation of Black patients in cardiovascular clinical trials
Representation of Black patients in cardiovascular clinical trials remains dismally low, reflective of systemic and structural barriers, which can lead to missed opportunities to meet community-identified needs, understand responses to medical therapies and improve cardiovascular care. Innovative, multilevel strategies focused on Black communities are warranted to increase enrolment of this population into clinical research.
- LaPrincess C. Brewer
- & Joshua J. Joseph
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Comment |
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y and cardiovascular disease
Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) refers to the condition in male individuals in which a detectable fraction of cells lose the Y chromosome. Prevalent in haematopoietic cells, this common somatic mutation is associated with decreased longevity and an increased risk of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Haematopoietic mLOY provides further insight into the sex-specific disparities that exist in disease susceptibility.
- Soichi Sano
- & Kenneth Walsh
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Research Highlight |
Base editing therapy corrects long QT syndrome in mice
Gene therapy involving adenine base editing can correct a pathogenic variant in the Scn5a gene and alleviate arrhythmia phenotypes in a mouse model of long QT syndrome type 3.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Comment |
The case for eliminating racial and ethnic cardiovascular disparities in the USA
Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular health in the USA result in a persistent mortality gap between white and Black individuals, increase health-care costs and compromise an egalitarian society. Solutions to racial inequities require risk factor control and the implementation of evidence-based medicine and anti-racism policies. Overcoming these disparities is not only a practical necessity, but also a moral imperative.
- Keith C. Ferdinand
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Research Highlight |
New insights into dietary cholesterol absorption
Aster proteins are involved in the non-vesicular transport of cholesterol derived from dietary lipids in the small intestine from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum in enterocytes.
- Jennifer Harman
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Research Highlight |
PCI for stable angina
In the ORBITA-2 trial, percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with a lower angina symptom score compared with a placebo procedure in patients with stable angina who were receiving minimal or no antianginal medication.
- Gregory B. Lim
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Research Highlight |
Non-invasive ultrasound therapy for calcified aortic valve stenosis
In patients with severe calcified aortic valve stenosis, treatment with transthoracically delivered non-invasive ultrasound is safe and improves valve function.
- Karina Huynh
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Research Highlight |
MINT trial signals potential benefit of liberal transfusion strategy in MI with anaemia
A liberal strategy of blood transfusion might improve outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction and anaemia, according to results from the MINT trial.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Research Highlight |
SELECT shows cardiovascular risk reduction with weight-loss drug semaglutide in people without diabetes
Treatment with the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist semaglutide, administered subcutaneously at a dose of 2.4 mg once per week, reduces the risk of major cardiovascular events by 20% compared with placebo in patients who are overweight or obese and with pre-existing cardiovascular disease but without diabetes mellitus, according to findings from the SELECT trial.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Research Highlight |
Self-monitoring strategy reduces postpartum hypertension and cardiac remodelling
In women with elevated levels of blood pressure during pregnancy, the use of a physician-guided remote telemonitoring programme during the postpartum period improves BP control, according to findings from the POP-HT trial.
- Karina Huynh
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Research Highlight |
Aspirin exclusion in patients with an LVAD
Data from the ARIES-HM3 trial show that excluding aspirin from the antithrombotic regimen in patients with advanced heart failure and a left ventricular assist device reduces the number of bleeding events and does not increase the risk of thromboembolism.
- Gregory B. Lim
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Review Article |
Coronary microvascular obstruction and dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Coronary microvascular obstruction and dysfunction (CMVO) is common in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) despite prompt reperfusion. In this Review, the authors discuss the mechanisms of CMVO as well as strategies to reduce its incidence and improve prognosis.
- Mattia Galli
- , Giampaolo Niccoli
- & Filippo Crea
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Review Article |
Long non-coding RNAs in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: functions, mechanisms and clinical prospects
In this Review, Mably and Wang summarize the expression, functions and molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. The authors also discuss lncRNAs as novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
- John D. Mably
- & Da-Zhi Wang
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Research Highlight |
Explaining how a cardiac reflex causes syncope
Activation of a specific set of vagal sensory neurons connecting the ventricular wall of the heart to the area postrema in the brainstem causes mice to faint. This finding defines a cardiac reflex that recapitulates characteristics of human syncope.
- Gregory B. Lim
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Research Highlight |
Revealing the structure of the cardiac myosin filament
Two new studies using cryo-electron microscopy describe the structure and conformation of myosin in the cardiac thick filaments and how it interacts with other thick-filament proteins, such as titin and cardiac myosin-binding protein C, in mammalian hearts.
- Gregory B. Lim
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Research Highlight |
Disrupting a cell-specific miRNA–CXCR4 interaction is atheroprotective in mice
An approach that increases the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in vascular cells by targeting a microRNA-based repressive pathway attenuates atherosclerosis in mice and promotes atheroprotective functions in human and mouse vascular cells in vitro.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Review Article |
Lipoprotein(a), platelet function and cardiovascular disease
In this Review, Tsimikas and co-workers re-examine the role of lipoprotein(a) in the regulation of platelet function and propose areas for future research to define its clinical relevance for cardiovascular disease.
- Harpreet S. Bhatia
- , Richard C. Becker
- & Sotirios Tsimikas
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Research Highlight |
Drug-eluting resorbable scaffolds are superior to angioplasty for infrapopliteal artery disease
In the LIFE-BTK trial, treatment with an everolimus-eluting resorbable scaffold was superior to angioplasty in improving clinical outcomes in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischaemia due to infrapopliteal artery disease.
- Karina Huynh
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Research Highlight |
Patisiran is beneficial for the treatment of TTR cardiac amyloidosis
Treatment with the small interfering RNA patisiran preserves functional capacity and improves health status and quality of life in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis, according to data from the 12-month double-blind period of the ongoing APOLLO-B trial.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Clinical Outlook |
Long-term outcomes and device failure after TAVI
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become an important treatment option for aortic stenosis, even among younger patients, with similar rates of efficacy as compared with surgical valve replacement. However, complications including device failure persist; these can be addressed by surgical explantation and repeat TAVI. Ongoing research emphasizes the long-term potential of TAVI as an alternative to surgical intervention for aortic stenosis.
- Marco Barbanti
- & John G. Webb
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Review Article |
The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases
The NLRP3 inflammasome can sense cardiac ischaemic and non-ischaemic injury, amplify the inflammatory response and induce inflammatory cell death. In this Review, Toldo and Abbate describe the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in numerous cardiac pathologies and summarize evidence on the use of agents targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and related cytokines.
- Stefano Toldo
- & Antonio Abbate
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Evidence-based Guidelines |
2023 World Heart Federation guidelines for the echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease
A panel of experts from the World Heart Federation provide a revised set of guidelines for the echocardiographic detection of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in patients living in RHD-endemic regions. The guidelines provide updated screening and confirmatory criteria, as well as a new stage-based classification of RHD based on risk of disease progression, which will improve the diagnosis and subsequent management of patients with RHD.
- Joselyn Rwebembera
- , James Marangou
- & Bo Reményi
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Perspective |
Restoration of flow in the aorta: a novel therapeutic target in aortic valve intervention
In this Perspective article, Garg and colleagues discuss the evidence linking abnormal aortic flow patterns with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and describe how changes in aortic flow can be targeted by novel aortic valve interventions.
- Pankaj Garg
- , Michael Markl
- & João Cavalcante
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Comment |
Defining iron deficiency in patients with heart failure
For patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, intravenous iron is likely to deliver clinical and prognostic benefits for those with anaemia and transferrin saturation <20%, especially if serum ferritin exceeds 100 μg/l. A serum ferritin of <100 μg/l does not appear to be useful as a marker of iron deficiency.
- John G. F. Cleland
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Research Highlight |
Sirtuin 2 protects against cardiac ageing
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 2 is a key protective mediator against cardiac ageing, according to a study in non-human primates.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Research Highlight |
SARS-CoV-2 infects macrophages in coronary atherosclerotic plaques
SARS-CoV-2 infects macrophages, especially lipid-laden foam cells, in coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients with COVID-19; this infection initiates a strong proatherogenic inflammatory response, which might contribute to the ischaemic cardiovascular complications in these patients.
- Gregory B. Lim
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Research Highlight |
Depolarization of fibroblasts in scar tissue drives cardiac excitation
In a study published in Science, Wang and colleagues show that excited cardiomyocytes couple to fibroblasts via gap-junctional and non-gap-junctional (ephaptic) coupling.
- Karina Huynh
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Review Article |
Oxidized phospholipids in cardiovascular disease
In this Review, Tsimikas and Witztum discuss the role of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) in atherosclerosis, describe the methods for measuring OxPLs on apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (OxPL–apoB) and their relationship with lipoprotein(a), and discuss the clinical applications of the OxPL–apoB measurement for improving diagnosis, prognosis, risk reclassification and therapeutic interventions in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
- Sotirios Tsimikas
- & Joseph L. Witztum
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Research Highlight |
Capturing and analysing the first vertebrate heartbeat
In a study published in Nature, Jia and colleagues use advanced optical electrophysiology tools coupled with 3D-printed moulds to capture the very first heartbeat of zebrafish.
- Karina Huynh
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Research Highlight |
Metabolic reprogramming unlocks the regenerative potential of the heart
The metabolic maturation of mammalian cardiomyocytes that occurs during the early postnatal period shapes the epigenetic landscape of cardiomyocytes and creates a barrier for cell division, but reversing this remodelling process can restore the reparative capacity of the heart in mice, according to a study published in Nature.
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
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Review Article |
Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease: a causal perspective
Low socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but whether this association is causal is uncertain. In this Review, Bann and colleagues discuss how evidence from divergent study designs can help in understanding the causal relationship between SEP and CVD and how this relationship might have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
- David Bann
- , Liam Wright
- & Nish Chaturvedi
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Comment |
Cardiovascular benefits of fermented foods and beverages: still up for debate
Despite the high consumption of fermented foods and beverages worldwide, their role in a healthy diet is still up for debate. Some fermented beverages have been demonstrated to protect against cardiovascular disease, but many aspects of the effects of fermented foods on cardiovascular health are uncertain. Better-designed studies are warranted.
- Ramon Estruch
- & Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós
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Review Article |
Cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology at high altitude
Hypoxic conditions encountered at high altitude affect all physiological functions. In this Review, Richalet et al. describe the cardiovascular responses to acute and chronic exposure to hypoxia and provide recommendations that clinicians can give to patients with cardiovascular disease who wish to travel to high-altitude destinations.
- Jean-Paul Richalet
- , Eric Hermand
- & François J. Lhuissier
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Review Article |
Sex-specific and ethnicity-specific differences in MINOCA
Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has been the focus of an increasing number of studies in the past decade. In this Review, Tavella and colleagues detail the prevalence and clinical presentation of MINOCA, describe the mechanisms underlying the syndrome, and summarize the sex-specific and ethnicity-specific differences in the clinical features, pathophysiological mechanisms, treatment and prognosis of MINOCA.
- Sarena La
- , John Beltrame
- & Rosanna Tavella
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Review Article |
Effects of lifestyle factors on leukocytes in cardiovascular health and disease
In this Review, Swirski and co-workers discuss how lifestyle factors modulate haematopoiesis and leukocyte migration in the context of cardiovascular homeostasis and disease, with particular focus on the role of the nervous system as the key executor connecting environmental influences to leukocyte behaviour.
- Henrike Janssen
- , Laura L. Koekkoek
- & Filip K. Swirski
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Review Article |
The menopausal transition period and cardiovascular risk
The menopausal transition period, which begins with irregular menstrual cycles and ends with the final menstrual period, is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk. In this Review, Mehta and Manson describe the metabolic and cardiovascular changes that occur during the menopausal transition period and summarize the evidence on the use of targeted interventions to slow the progression of atherosclerosis.
- Jaya M. Mehta
- & JoAnn E. Manson
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Clinical Outlook |
Prehabilitation: evolving role in contemporary cardiac surgery
The population of patients who undergo cardiac surgery is becoming older and more medically complex, and frailty is increasingly prevalent. Prehabilitation is a multicomponent programme intended to better prepare these vulnerable patients for the stresses of surgery. Nonetheless, the effectiveness, implementation and effects on long-term outcomes of prehabilitation have not been clearly established. In particular, frailty might not be easily mitigated by prehabilitation.
- Atilio Barbeito
- & Daniel E. Forman
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Research Highlight |
CHIP in HF: prognostic role and cell-intrinsic effects
Two studies now report that TET2-driven clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is associated with poor prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF) and preserved ejection fraction and that DNMT3A CHIP driver mutations promote dysregulated gene expression profiles that are associated with inflammation in monocytes in the setting of HF.
- Karina Huynh
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Clinical Outlook |
Migraines and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and methodological challenges
The link between migraine and cardiovascular disease is complex and involves overlapping mechanisms, such as endovascular disturbances. Challenges in measuring migraine, in distinguishing between causation and prediction, and in the understanding of clinical implications highlight the need for further research to guide treatment and cardiovascular risk assessment for the millions of individuals living with migraine.
- Tobias Kurth
- & Pamela M. Rist