Review Articles

Thyroid hormones have key functions throughout the body. However, thyroid function declines with age and thyroid diseases increase in prevalence. This Review outlines our current knowledge about how thyroid function changes with age and the implications for patient care.

This Review discusses the current understanding of adipose tissue macrophages and T cells. Discussion of these cells is used as an example of how metabolic tissue niches can dictate immune cell function in unique ways that diverge from the classic understanding of leukocyte biology.

Inter-organ crosstalk is increasingly understood as an important mechanism contributing to insulin resistance and β-cell failure, the key features of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This Review discusses mediators of inter-organ crosstalk in type 2 diabetes mellitus, its pathogenesis and its related complications.

Evidence indicates an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after breast cancer treatment, particularly for endocrine therapy. This Review outlines the evidence for adverse metabolic effects of endocrine therapies in humans. Potential mechanisms, informed by preclinical research, for the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus are discussed.

This Review emphasizes new insights into adipose tissue endothelial cell biology and alterations linked to obesity. In particular, studies highlighting the identification of adipose tissue endothelial cell heterogeneity, epigenetic factors, and plasticity of adipocytes and endothelial cells are presented.

This Review discusses newly discovered functions of pituitary hormones on bone, adipose tissue and the brain. Mechanisms of pituitary hormone actions on somatic organs and neural function are outlined. The role of dysregulated pituitary hormone function in multiple diseases and the potential for targeting ligands and receptors therapeutically are discussed.

Regaining weight after successful weight loss is a common problem for people with obesity. This Review discusses the potential physiological mechanisms underlying weight regain after weight loss and possible strategies to counter weight regain.

This Review discusses the key principles and uses of engineered neurobiological tools, such as optogenetics and chemogenetics. The authors discuss examples of their use in the metabolism field and highlight important points to consider when choosing an experimental technique.

This Review examines the origins of marrow adipocytes and their function under normal or pathological conditions. Regulation of bone marrow adipose tissue by nutrient status is considered, as well as the interactions between bone marrow adipose tissue, haematopoietic cells of the bone marrow and the bone.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contribute to human disease, disability and economic damage. This Review outlines a set of evidence-based policy actions to manage, minimize or eliminate the use of EDCs, alongside a number of specific challenges and potential recommendations.

This Review discusses challenges in the management of Cushing disease in adults and provides information to help with planning an integrated and individualized approach for each patient.

This Review discusses the physiological and neurological mechanisms that drive altered eating behaviours in pregnancy, including food cravings, food aversions and changes in sensory perception, and the implications for the long-term health of the gestational parent and offspring.

For patients with osteoporosis, the long-term use of bone-specific pharmacological therapies, including antiresorptive and/or osteoanabolic approaches, has raised concerns around adverse effects or potential rebound phenomena after treatment discontinuation. This Review outlines clinical data on long-term and sequential treatment for osteoporosis.

This article discusses the neuroanatomy and function of the central melanocortin circuitry, focusing on metabolic disorders. Progress and limitations of therapeutics targeting this system and potential strategies to improve melanocortin-based therapeutics are outlined.

There is a growing awareness that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a heterogeneous disease that can be characterized into distinct endotypes. This Review discusses the evidence for endotypes in T1DM and explores the implications for clinical practice.

This Review highlights results from adolescent anti-obesity medication clinical trials published since 2020. In addition, the importance of a comprehensive and chronic care model for youth with obesity is discussed and the emerging pipeline of future anti-obesity medications is outlined.

This Review outlines our current understanding of the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in health and disease, highlighting a key role for lipid droplet biogenesis in alleviating cellular stress.

The 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 has been recognized as a G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) since 2008. This Review discusses progress in GPER research in physiology and disease and its potential implications for clinical medicine.

This Review highlights the latest advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of metformin. Potential repurposing of metformin for other indications is also discussed.

Adrenal cysts are rare lesions that are mostly detected incidentally and are usually asymptomatic; however, phaeochromocytomas and adrenal malignant masses can also present as cystic lesions. This Review outlines the different histopathological subtypes of adrenal cysts and discusses diagnosis and management strategies.