Reviews & Analysis

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  • The skeleton is a metabolically active organ, with bone formation and maintenance relying on highly anabolic, nutrient-consuming processes. Here, the authors describe the current understanding of fuel selection and intermediary metabolic pathways in bone cells during bone formation and discuss how metabolic dysfunction can contribute to skeletal disease.

    • Steve Stegen
    • Geert Carmeliet
    Review Article
  • A new study by Reverte-Salisa and colleagues identifies a molecular mechanism through which the cAMP-mediating protein EPAC1 controls the size of brown and beige adipose tissue. This finding opens the door for the development of pharmacological interventions to prevent the decline of brown adipose tissue in obesity and ageing, and thereby improve metabolic health.

    • Francesc Villarroya
    • Marta Giralt
    News & Views
  • The current increasing rates of obesity are paralleled by a rise in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease. This Review outlines the potential mechanisms by which obesity might influence kidney function, but also presents evidence for the regulation of body weight by the kidney.

    • Kevin Yau
    • Rachel Kuah
    • Tony K. T. Lam
    Review Article
  • COVID-19 has been linked to an increase in thyroid dysfunction among current and past patients. This Review discusses and evaluates the evidence for COVID-19 causing thyroid dysfunction, including after COVID-19 vaccination and during long COVID.

    • David Tak Wai Lui
    • Chi Ho Lee
    • Karen Siu Ling Lam
    Review Article
  • Evidence and guidance for the care of pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents is currently lacking. Part 1 of this two-part consensus guideline presents 17 general recommendations for diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in children and young people under 19 years of age.

    • Márta Korbonits
    • Joanne C. Blair
    • Helen A. Spoudeas
    Consensus Statement
  • This article is the second part of the first-ever comprehensive, two-part, consensus guideline to cover the care of children and young people under 19 years of age with pituitary adenoma. Part 2 details 57 recommendations for CYP with prolactinomas, Cushing disease, growth hormone excess, clinically non-functioning adenomas and TSHomas.

    • Márta Korbonits
    • Joanne C. Blair
    • Helen A. Spoudeas
    Consensus Statement
  • Sarcopenic obesity is a growing clinical problem because of ageing populations and the increasing prevalence of obesity. This Review highlights the new consensus definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity, and provides an overview of the pathogenesis, clinical outcomes, and management of this syndrome.

    • Carla M. Prado
    • John A. Batsis
    • Mario Siervo
    Review Article
  • Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency (IAI) is the most common form of adrenal insufficiency in adult patients. This comprehensive Review aims to aid clinicians in identifying who is at risk of IAI, how to approach screening of at-risk populations and how to treat patients with IAI.

    • Julie Martin-Grace
    • Maria Tomkins
    • Mark Sherlock
    Review Article
  • Vitamin D is precursor of the steroid hormone calcitriol and has important functions throughout the body, including increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with a range of disorders, including several bone diseases. However, large trials of vitamin D supplementation have produced mixed results. Here, experts from around the world discuss several key questions in the vitamin D research and clinical fields.

    • Andrea Giustina
    • Marise Lazaretti-Castro
    • Inez Schoenmakers
    Viewpoint
  • The protein complex mTORC1 is a key regulator of cellular metabolism in response to energy availability. This Review discusses the role of mTORC1 in regulating energy expenditure and the implications for the development and treatment of obesity.

    • Camille Allard
    • Cristina Miralpeix
    • Daniela Cota
    Review Article
  • Schuermans et al. report phospholipase A and acyltransferase 3 (PLAAT3) deficiency in patients with lipodystrophy and peripheral neuropathy. Their discovery adds to the growing list of genetic lipodystrophies due to deficiencies of enzymes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis, including 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 and choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1 A.

    • Anil K. Agarwal
    • Abhimanyu Garg
    News & Views
  • Organoid technologies are a potent tool for investigating human biology, modelling diseases and developing novel therapies. In this Viewpoint, experts in metabolic and endocrine research in the brain, pituitary, skeletal muscle, bone and gastrointestinal system discuss how organoids and related bioengineered systems are currently used in their field and how innovations in these technologies could transform future research.

    • Penney M. Gilbert
    • Sandra Hofmann
    • James M. Wells
    Viewpoint
  • In this Review, the emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms by which obesity impairs key aspects of immunity are discussed, including changes in the abundance of key hormones, dysregulation of adipose-tissue-derived extracellular vesicles and dysregulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism.

    • Saame Raza Shaikh
    • Melinda A. Beck
    • Nancie J. MacIver
    Review Article
  • This Review describes a promising, bidirectional role for ghrelin in the interaction between circadian rhythms and metabolism. The authors explore how ghrelin affects outputs of circadian rhythm — including neuronal activity, circulating growth hormone levels, locomotor activity and eating behaviour — and discuss how circadian rhythms influence ghrelin expression.

    • Soumya S. Kulkarni
    • Omprakash Singh
    • Jeffrey M. Zigman
    Review Article
  • This Review describes the luteal phase of natural menstrual cycles and in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. The authors highlight the need for luteal phase support during IVF, outlining various luteal phase support regimens, mechanisms for luteal phase deficiency and potential biomarkers of endometrial receptivity.

    • Akanksha Garg
    • Agata P. Zielinska
    • Ali Abbara
    Review Article
  • This Review discusses notable discoveries in pituitary stem cell function and highlights important areas for current and future research, including the use of pituitary organoids for the advancement of pituitary stem cell biology and pituitary organogenesis as well as potential therapeutic approaches.

    • María Inés Pérez Millán
    • Leonard Y. M. Cheung
    • Sally A. Camper
    Review Article
  • The metabolic dysfunction that characterizes obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus affects not only the heart and kidneys, but also the liver. Although lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone in the management of metabolic liver diseases, the field has progressed this year, with a new definition, validation of non-invasive biomarkers and numerous clinical trials.

    • Jean-François Dufour
    Year in Review