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A

absolute risk

 
Calculation of Complex Disease Risk

adaptation

 
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
 
Characterizing signals of selection in humans
 
Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
 
Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
 
The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history

adult-onset

 
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene

aging

 
Aging and Cell Division
 
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
 
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
 
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes

allele

 
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
 
Bayesian Estimation
 
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
 
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
 
Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
 
Maximum Likelihood Estimation
 
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
 
Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
 
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
 
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis

allele frequency

 
The Variety of Genes in the Gene Pool Can Be Quantified within a Population

Alu

 
A de novo Alu insertion results in neurofibromatosis type 1
 
Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes
 
Transposons: The Jumping Genes
 
Using Alu sequences to detect oncogenes.

amino acid

 
Amino Acid
 
An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids
 
Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
 
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
 
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
 
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
 
The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.

anaphase

 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Mitosis and Cell Division

aneuploidy

 
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
 
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome

animal development

 
Atavism: Embryology, Development and Evolution

animal development (continued)

 
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
 
Birth Defects: Prevention and Treatment
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
 
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens

antibiotic resistance

 
Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA

Archaea

 
Genome Packaging in Prokaryotes: the Circular Chromosome of E. coli
 
The Two Empires and Three Domains of Life in the Postgenomic Age
 
Why Are Cells Powered by Proton Gradients?

artificial selection

 
Genetics of Dog Breeding

asexual

 
Mitosis and Cell Division
 
Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Sex

ATP

 
Dynamic Adaptation of Nutrient Utilization in Humans
 
Mitochondria
C

cancer

 
A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene
 
Aging and Cell Division
 
Cell Division and Cancer
 
Centrosome aberrations: cause or consequence of cancer progression?
 
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
 
DNA methylation data can classify different types of cancer
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
 
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
 
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
 
Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
 
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
 
Gleevec: the Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment
 
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
 
Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
 
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
 
Mitosis and Cell Division
 
p53 : The Most Frequently Altered Gene in Human Cancers
 
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
 
Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
 
Questionable Prognostic Value of Genetic Testing
 
The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
 
The Discovery of Lysosomes and Autophagy
 
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis

cell

 
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
 
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
 
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
 
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
 
What Is a Cell?

centromere

 
Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
 
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
 
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes

chi square test

 
Genetics and Statistical Analysis

chromatin

 
Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
 
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
 
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
 
Gene Expression Regulates Cell Differentiation
 
Mitosis and Cell Division
 
Regulated nucleosome mobility and the histone code.
 
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
 
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
 
The Formation of Heterochromatin and RNA interference

chromatin immunoprecipitation

 
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR

chromatin remodeling

 
Chromatin Remodeling and DNase 1 Sensitivity

chromosomal abnormality

 
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
 
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
 
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome

chromosome

 
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies

chromosome (continued)

 
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
 
Chromosome Mapping: Idiograms
 
Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells
 
Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
 
Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus
 
Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons revisited
 
Chromosomes
 
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
 
Developing the Chromosome Theory
 
Discovery of a previously unrecognized microdeletion syndrome of 16p11.2–p12.2.
 
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
 
Eukaryotic cells must tightly fold their DNA so that it fits within the cellular nucleus.
 
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
 
Gene Mapping and Disease
 
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
 
Genetic Recombination
 
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
 
Homologue interactions during meiosis
 
Human Chromosome Number
 
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
 
Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
 
Mitosis and Cell Division
 
Mitosis, Meiosis, and Inheritance
 
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
 
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
 
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
 
Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
 
Supercoiled chromosome of E. coli.
 
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
 
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes
 
The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
 
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome

chromosome map

 
Castle's objection to Morgan's map of the Drosophila X.
 
Chromosome Mapping: Idiograms
 
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
 
Gene Interaction and Disease
 
Gene Mapping and Disease
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens

chromosome territories

 
Cell biology: Chromosome territories
 
Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells
 
Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus
 
Visualization of chromosome territories by fluorescence in situ hybridization

chromosome theory of inheritance

 
Chromosome Theory and the Castle and Morgan Debate
 
Developing the Chromosome Theory

cis-regulatory element

 
DNA Transcription

clade

 
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
 
Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups

codon

 
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein

codon (continued)

 
The genetic code consists of 64 codons and the amino acids specified by these codons
 
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation

comparative genomic hybridization

 
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
 
Comparative genome hybridization
 
Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
 
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
 
Discovery of a previously unrecognized microdeletion syndrome of 16p11.2–p12.2.
 
Discovery of previously unidentified genomic disorders from the duplication architecture of the human genome
 
Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
 
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)

comparative genomics

 
Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
 
Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and the Evolution of Multicellularity

complete linkage

 
Gene Mapping and Disease

complex trait

 
Behavioral Genomics
 
DTC Genetic Testing for Diabetes, Breast Cancer, Heart Disease and Paternity
 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
 
Gene Interaction and Disease
 
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
 
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
 
Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
 
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
 
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype

consensus sequence

 
Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells

copy number variation

 
Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans
 
Copy Number Variation
 
Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
 
Distribution of large-scale copy-number variations in the human genome.
 
Human genome: Patchwork people
 
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene

cri du chat

 
DNA Deletion and Duplication and the Associated Genetic Disorders

cytogenetics

 
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
 
Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders
 
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
 
Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
 
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)

cytokinesis

 
Cytokinesis Mechanisms in Yeast
 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Mitosis
D

Danio rerio

 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
 
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation

differentiation

 
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
 
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
 
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
 
The Role of Methylation in Gene Expression

diploid

 
Polyploidy

disease

 
C. elegans: Model Organism in the Discovery of PKD
 
Current Dengue Fever Research
 
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
 
Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility.
 
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
 
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
 
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
 
Ethics of Genetic Testing: Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination
 
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
 
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
 
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
 
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
 
Genome-Wide Association Studies and Human Disease Networks
 
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
 
Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
 
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
 
Imprinting and Genetic Disease: Angelman, Prader-Willi and Beckwith-Weidemann Syndromes
 
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
 
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
 
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
 
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
 
Natural Selection: Uncovering Mechanisms of Evolutionary Adaptation to Infectious Disease
 
Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
 
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter

disease (continued)

 
What Is Dengue Fever?

divergence

 
Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
 
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
 
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence

DNA

 
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
 
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
 
Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material using Streptococcus pneumoniae
 
Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick
 
DNA double helix
 
DNA polymerase
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
 
Gene Expression and Regulation
 
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
 
Genetic Mutation
 
Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid.
 
How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
 
Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase
 
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
 
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
 
Paternity Testing: Blood Types and DNA
 
Prenatal Screen Detects Fetal Abnormalities
 
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
 
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
 
Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
 
Single stranded DNA
 
Supercoiled DNA
 
The Biotechnology Revolution: PCR and the Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Clone Expressed Genes
 
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
 
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein

DNA fingerprinting

 
AFLP technology for DNA fingerprinting
 
DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
 
Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS

DNA polymerase

 
DNA polymerase on the template strand
 
DNA Transcription
 
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication: Meselson and Stahl

DNA repair

 
DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity
 
DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation
 
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
 
Genetic Mutation
 
Mechanism of homologous recombination: mediators and helicases take on regulatory functions
 
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks by DSBR and SDSA.

DNA sequencing

 
Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals
 
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
 
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter

dominant

 
Gene Mapping and Disease
 
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
 
Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
 
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
 
Test Crosses

Down syndrome

 
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
 
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
 
John Langdon Down.
 
Primary Down syndrome is caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21.
 
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome

drug

 
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
 
Gleevec: the Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment
 
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
E

enhancer

 
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
 
The SINE transposable element upstream of the ISL1 gene serves to enhance gene expression

environment

 
Birth Defects: Prevention and Treatment
 
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
 
Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
 
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
 
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
 
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
 
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
 
GM crops: Battlefield
 
Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
 
Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development

epigenetic process

 
An illustration of how epigenetic mechanisms can affect health.
 
Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes (Transposons)
 
Chromatin Remodeling and DNase 1 Sensitivity
 
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
 
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
 
Germ Cells and Epigenetics
 
Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
 
Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.

epistasis

 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and Phenotype Effects
 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
 
Gene Interaction and Disease

eugenics

 
Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering
 
Human Testing, the Eugenics Movement, and IRBs

eukaryote

 
Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization
 
Eukaryotic Cells
 
The Origin of Mitochondria

evolution

 
Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders
 
An alternative, but misleading, metaphor for evolution is the ladder of life, also called the scala naturae.
 
An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids
 
Atavism: Embryology, Development and Evolution
 
Biological Complexity and Integrative Levels of Organization
 
Characterizing signals of selection in humans
 
Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
 
Human Evolutionary Tree
 
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
 
Long term stabilizing selection can explain
 
MicroRNAs in Arabidopsis
 
Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.

evolution (continued)

 
Negative Selection
 
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
 
Polyploidy
 
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
 
Selection in finite populations leaves hidden variation.
 
Sex Determination in Honeybees
 
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
 
Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation
 
The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid
 
The evolution of apical dominance in maize (Zea mays)
 
The evolution of apical dominance in maize.
 
The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history
 
The Origin of Mitochondria
 
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
 
Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome
 
Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and the Evolution of Multicellularity

exon

 
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome

expressivity

 
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
 
Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity
 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
G

gel electrophoresis

 
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins

gene

 
Behavioral Genomics
 
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
 
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
 
Developing the Chromosome Theory
 
Diagnostic Testing and the Ethics of Patenting DNA
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
 
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
 
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
 
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
 
Quantitative mapping of amplicon structure by array CGH identifies CYP24 as a candidate oncogene.
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
 
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
 
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
 
What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units

gene doping

 
Sports, Gene Doping, and WADA
 
The double-muscled Belgian blue cow breed.

gene expression

 
A cyclical wave of hairy1 mRNA expression occurs during the formation of each somite in chick embryos.
 
Altered patterns of segmentation gene expression in dCtBP mutants
 
Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
 
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
 
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
 
Gene Expression
 
Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
 
Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
 
Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
 
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
 
Imprinting and Genetic Disease: Angelman, Prader-Willi and Beckwith-Weidemann Syndromes
 
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
 
Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
 
Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
 
Proteins and Gene Expression
 
Reading the Genetic Code
 
Recruitment to the Nuclear Periphery Can Alter Expression of Genes in Human Cells
 
Regulation of mRNA Splicing by Signal Transduction
 
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
 
RNA Functions
 
RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
 
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
 
The SINE transposable element upstream of the ISL1 gene serves to enhance gene expression
 
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
 
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
 
Tuning gene expression to changing environments: from rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation.
 
X Chromosome: X Inactivation

gene flow

 
Hybridization and Gene Flow

gene interaction

 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
 
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation

gene knockout

 
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation

gene therapy

 
Gene targeting with recombinant adenoviral vectors
 
Gene Therapy
 
Gene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindness
 
Gene Therapy Restores Vision to Mice
 
Gene therapy: trials and tribulations
 
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
 
Precise hit: adeno-associated virus in gene targeting
 
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
 
Restoration of retinal and visual function in RPE65 mutant dogs by subretinal AAV-RPE65 therapy
 
Sports, Gene Doping, and WADA

genetic code

 
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
 
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein

genetic counseling

 
Bioethics in Genetics
 
Genetic Counseling: Genetic Testing, Family History and Psychosocial Evaluation
 
Questionable Prognostic Value of Genetic Testing

genetic cross

 
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships

genetic drift

 
Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and the Case of the Bearded Vulture
 
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
 
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
 
The EvolGenius Population Genetics Computer Simulation: How it Works

genetic engineering

 
Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering
 
Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development

genetic screen

 
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
 
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation

genetic test

 
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
 
Ethics of Genetic Testing: Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination

genetic variation

 
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
 
Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders
 
Calculation of Complex Disease Risk
 
Copy Number Variation
 
Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
 
Estimating Trait Heritability
 
Eukaryotic Genome Complexity
 
Genetic basis of proteome variation in yeast.
 
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders

genetic variation (continued)

 
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
 
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
 
Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, and Race
 
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
 
Positive Selection in East Asians for an EDAR Allele that Enhances NF-κB Activation
 
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are one way that researchers track genetic variation.
 
The origin of malaria: mixed messages from genetic diversity
 
Using SNP Data to Examine Human Phenotypic Differences

genome

 
Long-range sequence assembly in whole-genome shotgun sequencing
 
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
 
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
 
Eukaryotic Genome Complexity
 
Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes
 
Genetics of Dog Breeding
 
Genome construction
 
Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
 
Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
 
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
 
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
 
Polyploidy
 
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
 
Transposons, or Jumping Genes: Not Junk DNA?

genome wide association study

 
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
 
Genome-Wide Association Studies and Human Disease Networks

genomic imprinting

 
Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
 
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance

genomics

 
Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises
 
Genomics Databases
 
How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
 
Ontologies: Scientific Data Sharing Made Easy
 
Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development
 
Systems Biology of the Cell
 
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins

genotype

 
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
 
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
 
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
 
Models of gene-environment interactions
 
Negative Selection
 
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
 
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
 
Test Crosses
H

haplotype

 
A haplotype map of the human genome
 
Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Look at Global Haplotype Distribution

HapMap Project

 
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
 
Copy Number Variation
 
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
 
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
 
Using SNP Data to Examine Human Phenotypic Differences

helicase

 
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
 
Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex

heritability

 
Estimating Trait Heritability
 
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping

histone

 
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR

homology

 
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
 
Behavioral Genomics

Human Genome Project

 
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
 
Gene Mapping and Disease
 
Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises
 
Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
 
Total amount of human sequence in the High-Throughput Genomic Sequences (HTGS) division of GenBank.

hybrid

 
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing

hybrid (continued)

 
Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders
 
Haldane's Rule: the Heterogametic Sex
 
Hybridization and Gene Flow

hypoxia

 
Direct transcriptional targets of HIF
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
 
Genomic responses to hypoxia
M

meiosis

 
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies
 
During metaphase II, the chromosomes align along the cell's equatorial plate.
 
Genetic Recombination
 
Homologue interactions during meiosis
 
Meiosis: cell-cycle controls shuffle and deal
 
Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities
 
Recombination in meiosis.
 
Recombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
 
The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles

Mendelian trait

 
Gene Interaction and Disease
 
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
 
Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data

metaphase

 
A human metaphase plate, from the original Tjio and Levan paper, showing 46 chromosomes.
 
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
 
Mitosis and Cell Division

methylation

 
Chromosomal profiles of DNA methylation in colon cancer cells
 
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
 
DNA Sequencing Technologies
 
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
 
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
 
Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
 
Germ Cells and Epigenetics
 
Mass spectrometry analysis of histone H4 isoforms in human stem cells
 
Molecular mechanism of plaque formation in the artery
 
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
 
Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.

microarray

 
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
 
Diagram of the microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) process.
 
Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
 
Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
 
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
 
How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
 
Microarray filled
 
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
 
Strategies for identifying virulence genes using microarrays.
 
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
 
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
 
Whole genome microarray.

microRNA

 
MicroRNAs in Arabidopsis

microsatellite

 
DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
 
Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and the Case of the Bearded Vulture
 
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Obesity
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter

mitochondria

 
Cell Origins and Metabolism
 
Human Evolutionary Tree
 
Kinetoplastids and Their Networks of Interlocked DNA
 
Mitochondria
 
Mitochondria and the Immune Response
 
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
 
Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance
 
The Apicoplast: An Organelle with a Green Past
 
The Origin of Mitochondria

mitochondrial DNA

 
Estimated mitochondrial dNTP concentrations in rat tissues.
 
Human Evolutionary Tree
 
lacZ mutant frequencies for products of pol gap filling.
 
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
 
Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance

mitosis

 
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
 
Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
 
Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.
 
During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.
 
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
 
Mitosis
 
Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities
 
The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles
 
The mitotic spindle (white) begins to form outside the cell's nucleus.

model organism

 
C. elegans: Model Organism in the Discovery of PKD
 
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
 
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation

modifier gene

 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype

molecular clock

 
Calibrating the avian molecular clock.
 
Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.
 
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence

mRNA

 
Bicoid mRNA in a fruit fly (Drosophila) embryo.
 
Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli

mRNA (continued)

 
MicroRNAs in Arabidopsis
 
mRNA: History of Functional Investigation
 
Nascent pre-mRNAs.
 
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
 
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
 
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
 
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
 
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein

Mus musculus

 
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation

mutation

 
A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type
 
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
 
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
 
Direct estimation of per nucleotide and genomic deleterious mutation rates in Drosophila
 
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
 
DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity
 
DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation
 
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
 
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
 
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
 
Genetic Mutation
 
Human Evolutionary Tree
 
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
 
Medical Ethics: Genetic Testing and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
 
Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
 
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
 
Negative Selection
 
Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, and Race
 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
 
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
 
Slipped-strand mispairing.
 
The overwhelming majority of mutations have very small effects.
 
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis

mutation rate

 
Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA
 
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence
P

pandemic flu

 
Pandemic flu: from the front lines

patent

 
Structure and function in gene patenting
 
Structure and function in gene patenting

paternity

 
Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS
 
Paternity Testing: Blood Types and DNA

penetrance

 
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
 
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
 
Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity
 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype

pharmacogenomics

 
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
 
Controversies in Treatment Approaches: Gene Therapy, IVF, Stem Cells, and Pharmacogenomics
 
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
 
Pharmacogenetics goes genomic
 
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
 
Pharmacogenomics: bench to bedside
 
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function

phenotype

 
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
 
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
 
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
 
Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
 
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
 
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
 
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and Phenotype Effects
 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
 
Estimating Trait Heritability
 
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
 
Genetics of Dog Breeding
 
Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
 
Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity
 
Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
 
Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits
 
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
 
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype

phylogenetic tree

 
A minimal tree of vertebrates

phylogenetic tree (continued)

 
Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups
 
State change and trait fixation
 
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement

phylogeny

 
Branching pattern of four species.
 
Phylogenetic terminology.
 
Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups

plasmid

 
Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA
 
Genome Packaging in Prokaryotes: the Circular Chromosome of E. coli
 
Plasmid

pleiotropy

 
Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits

point mutation

 
Genetic Mutation

polycystic kidney disease

 
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders

polygenic

 
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
 
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
 
Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits
 
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping

polymerase chain reaction

 
The Biotechnology Revolution: PCR and the Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Clone Expressed Genes

polymorphism

 
A high-resolution survey of deletion polymorphism in the human genome
 
Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans
 
Copy Number Variation
 
DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
 
Psoriasis is associated with increased beta-defensin genomic copy number
 
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis

positive selection

 
A selective sweep
 
Characterizing signals of selection in humans
 
Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
 
Positive Selection in East Asians for an EDAR Allele that Enhances NF-κB Activation

Prader-Willi syndrome

 
DNA Deletion and Duplication and the Associated Genetic Disorders
 
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance

preimplantation genetic diagnosis

 
Genetic Counseling: Genetic Testing, Family History and Psychosocial Evaluation

preimplantation genetic diagnosis (continued)

 
Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering

primer

 
Primer

prokaryote

 
Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization
 
Eukaryotic Cells
 
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
 
Operons and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
 
Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
 
RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
 
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria

promoter

 
Gene Expression
 
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
 
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
 
Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
 
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
 
RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
 
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells

prophase

 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Mitosis and Cell Division
 
The mitotic spindle (white) begins to form outside the cell's nucleus.

protein

 
Amino Acid
 
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
 
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
 
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
 
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
 
Nutrient Utilization in Humans: Metabolism Pathways
 
Protein Misfolding and Degenerative Diseases
 
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
 
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
 
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
 
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein

proteome

 
Systems Biology of the Cell
 
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins

pseudogene

 
Origins of New Genes and Pseudogenes
Q
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R

radiation

 
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
 
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation

recessive

 
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and Phenotype Effects
 
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
 
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
 
Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
 
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
 
Sex-linked Diseases: the Case of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
 
Test Crosses

recombinant DNA

 
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology
 
Restriction Enzymes
 
The dawn of recombinant DNA

recombinant DNA technology

 
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals

recombination

 
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
 
Gene Mapping and Disease
 
How crossing over can generate copy number variation.
 
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
 
McClintock and Creighton's work in maize shows physical evidence of recombination.
 
Recombination in meiosis.
 
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork

recombination (continued)

 
The presence of peaks in crossover activity, which are embedded in
 
Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping
 
Where the crossovers are: recombination distributions in mammals

recombination frequency

 
Genetic Recombination

relatedness

 
Estimating Trait Heritability
 
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement

replication

 
Cells Can Replicate Their DNA Precisely
 
Major Molecular Events of DNA Replication
 
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
 
Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
 
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication: Meselson and Stahl
 
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes

restriction endonuclease

 
Restriction Enzymes

retrotransposon

 
Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes (Transposons)
 
The Origins of Viruses
 
Transposons: The Jumping Genes

ribosome

 
During initiation, the ribosome (grey globe) docks onto the mRNA at a position near the start codon (red).

ribosome (continued)

 
Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
 
Ribosome
 
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
 
The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
 
The ribosome assembles the polypeptide chain
 
The translation process terminates after a stop codon signals the ribosome to fall off the RNA.
 
To complete the initiation phase, the tRNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes the start codon and binds to it.
 
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
 
Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.

RNA polymerase

 
DNA Transcription
 
During elongation, the new RNA strand becomes longer and longer as the DNA template is transcribed.
 
RNA Polymerase
 
Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
 
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
S

S phase

 
DNA Replication and Checkpoint Control in S Phase
 
Mitosis and Cell Division

segmentation genes

 
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals

selection

 
Different types of selection
 
Entomology: Butterflies at that awkward age
 
Estimating Trait Heritability
 
Genetics of Dog Breeding
 
Haldane's Rule: the Heterogametic Sex
 
Long term stabilizing selection can explain
 
Mapping quantitative trait loci in plants: uses and caveats for evolutionary biology
 
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
 
Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation

sequence alignment

 
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)

sex chromosomes

 
Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
 
X Chromosome: X Inactivation

sex determination

 
Evidence for the evolutionary nascence of a novel sex determination pathway in honeybees
 
Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
 
Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry
 
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
 
Sex Determination in Honeybees
 
The complementary sex determination pathway.
 
Thomas Hunt Morgan and Sex Linkage

sexual reproduction

 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Selection in finite populations leaves hidden variation.
 
Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Sex
 
Variability, built up by selection, is decreased by sex.

shifting balance theory

 
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory

single nucleotide polymorphism

 
A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
 
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
 
Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data

SNP

 
Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe
 
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS

speciation

 
Hybrid Incompatibility and Speciation
 
Hybridization and Gene Flow
 
Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
 
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
 
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence
 
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement

species

 
Genetics of Dog Breeding

splicing

 
Behavioral Genomics

splicing (continued)

 
Characterization of the branch site in lariat RNAs produced by splicing of mRNA precursors
 
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
 
Pre-mRNA splicing.
 
RNA Functions
 
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
 
Splicing double: insights from the second spliceosome
 
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function

stem cells

 
Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines
 
In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state
 
The X-inactivation center
 
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
 
Turning Somatic Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells
 
Xist transcription in embryonic stem cells.

supercoiling

 
Genome Packaging in Prokaryotes: the Circular Chromosome of E. coli
 
Supercoiled chromosome of E. coli.

synteny

 
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
 
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
 
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
 
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
 
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
T

telomere

 
T-loops and the origin of telomeres
 
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes

telophase

 
During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.
 
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
 
Mitosis and Cell Division

teratogen

 
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics

trait

 
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
 
Behavioral Genomics
 
Dimorphisms and Threshold Traits
 
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
 
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
 
Negative Selection
 
Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
 
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
 
Trait frequency can change within a population lineage.

transcription

 
Analyzing Regulatory Networks in Bacteria
 
Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
 
Concentration gradients of morphogens regulate transcription of other genes
 
DNA Transcription
 
Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
 
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
 
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
 
Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
 
mRNA: History of Functional Investigation
 
Nascent pre-mRNAs.
 
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
 
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
 
Ribosomes, Transcription, and Translation
 
Riboswitches: A Common RNA Regulatory Element
 
RNA Functions
 
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
 
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
 
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
 
Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery

transcription (continued)

 
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
 
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
 
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
 
What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units

transcription factor

 
Aging and Cell Division
 
DNA Transcription
 
Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
 
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
 
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
 
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
 
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells

transcription unit

 
Comparison of a simple eukaryotic promoter and an extensively diversified metazoan regulatory module
 
What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units

transcriptome

 
Systems Biology of the Cell

transforming principle

 
Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material using Streptococcus pneumoniae
 
Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase

transgene

 
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
 
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology

transgenic organism

 
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology
 
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
 
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation

translation

 
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
 
Discovery of the Giant Mimivirus
 
DNA Transcription
 
Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
 
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
 
Ribosomes, Transcription, and Translation

translation (continued)

 
RNA Functions
 
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
 
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
 
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
 
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
 
Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.

translocation

 
Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells
 
Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons revisited
 
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
 
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
 
Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
 
The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations

transposable element

 
A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon.
 
Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes
 
The SINE transposable element upstream of the ISL1 gene serves to enhance gene expression
 
Transposons, or Jumping Genes: Not Junk DNA?

trisomy

 
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
 
Somatic Mosaicism and Chromosomal Disorders
 
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome

tRNA

 
Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
 
Maturation and architecture of tRNA
 
The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
 
To complete the initiation phase, the tRNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes the start codon and binds to it.
 
Transfer or tRNA with an amino acid attached
 
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein

twin study

 
Behavioral Genomics
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