Establishment and characterization of immortalized sweat gland myoepithelial cells

Hayakawa, Tomohisa; Fujita, Fumitaka; Okada, Fumihiro; Sekiguchi, Kiyotoshi

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03991-5

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Published: 07 January 2022

Establishment and characterization of immortalized sweat gland myoepithelial cells

Tomohisa Hayakawa¹,
Fumitaka Fujita^1,2,
Fumihiro Okada^1,2 &
…
Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi³

Scientific Reports volume 12, Article number: 7 (2022) Cite this article

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Abstract

Sweat glands play an important role in thermoregulation via sweating, and protect human vitals. The reduction in sweating may increase the incidence of hyperthermia. Myoepithelial cells in sweat glands exhibit stemness characteristics and play a major role in sweat gland homeostasis and sweating processes. Previously, we successfully passaged primary myoepithelial cells in spheroid culture systems; however, they could not be maintained for long under in vitro conditions. No myoepithelial cell line has been established to date. In this study, we transduced two immortalizing genes into primary myoepithelial cells and developed a myoepithelial cell line. When compared with primary sweat gland cells, the immortalized myoepithelial cells (designated "iEM") continued to form spheroids after the 4th passage and expressed α-smooth muscle actin and other proteins that characterize myoepithelial cells. Furthermore, treatment with small compounds targeting the Wnt signaling pathways induced differentiation of iEM cells into luminal cells. Thus, we successfully developed an immortalized myoepithelial cell line having differentiation potential. As animal models are not useful for studying human sweat glands, our cell line will be helpful for studying the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of sweating disorders.

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Introduction

The eccrine sweat gland, an exocrine gland in the skin, plays a pivotal role in the thermoregulation of the human body through sweat secretion. The eccrine sweat gland is a single tube composed of a secretory coil and a duct tube. The secretory coil consists of myoepithelial and secretory luminal cells, and plays a major role in the production and delivery of sweat to the skin surface¹. Myoepithelial cells have been hypothesized to regulate sweat secretion through the contraction of secretory coils², whereas secretory luminal cells release sweat into the lumen of secretory coils³. Myoepithelial cells in secretory coils play a pivotal role in maintaining sweat glands through self-renewal and differentiation into luminal cells^4,5.

Myoepithelial cells highly express α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) that contributes to the generation of contractile force during sweat secretion². This contraction is thought to be induced by acetylcholine via cholinergic receptor M3, which is highly expressed in myoepithelial cells³. Myoepithelial cells express the integrin α6β1 and keratin 14 (K14) genes, which are also expressed in the stem cells of the interfollicular epidermis and mammary gland. However, myoepithelial cells do not express keratin 8 (K8) and 18 (K18), which are expressed in secretory luminal cells⁵.

To further understand the physiology of sweat glands, long-term in vitro culturing of myoepithelial cells is a promising model. However, myoepithelial cells cannot be maintained in a two-dimensional monolayer culture system; only a spheroid culture system without cell adhesion can maintain myoepithelial cells up to the third passage^5,6. Mammary gland cells, another type of well-studied exocrine gland cells, also require a spheroid suspension culture system to preserve their stemness characteristics, although these cells fail to form spheroids after the fourth passage⁷. This limitation was circumvented using immortalized mammary gland cells by transduction of two immortalizing genes such as human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and the Simian virus 40 large T and small t antigen (SV40Tt), which can be maintained in a spheroid culture system beyond the fourth passage⁸.

In the present study, we aimed to establish immortalized myoepithelial cells in a spheroid culture system using the same approach. We found that the spheroid culture system could not maintain myoepithelial cells after the third passage. Therefore, we established immortalized myoepithelial cells overexpressing hTERT and SV40Tt. These immortalized cells retained myoepithelial cell phenotypes, including their ability to differentiate into luminal cells.

Results

Limited culture period for primary sweat gland cells

To assess the long-term spheroid formation ability of human sweat gland cells in vitro, we first performed serial passage culture of sweat gland cells under spheroid suspension conditions. Consistent with a previous report⁵, sweat gland cells formed spheroids and proliferated until the third passage, but the cell aggregates shrank and became nonspherical thereafter (Fig. 1a,b and Supplementary Fig. S1a). Because cell proliferation arrest is commonly caused by the induction of cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest in cultured cells, we assessed the accumulation of the senescent cells in the serial passage of sweat gland cells. The number of β-gal-positive sweat gland cells at the fourth passage was significantly higher than that at the first passage and before the spheroid culture (P = 0.018 and 0.022) (Fig. 1c,d and Supplementary Fig. S1b). We have previously reported that myoepithelial cells are stem cells in sweat glands, which proliferate and form spheroids^5,6. To determine the proportion of myoepithelial cells in total sweat gland cells, we examined the number of α-SMA-positive cells in the primary sweat gland cells and those arrested in spheroid formation. The proportion of α-SMA-expressing cells significantly decreased when the cells failed to form spheroids (P = 0.023) (Fig. 1e,f). These results indicated that the in vitro spheroid culture of human sweat gland cells cannot be maintained for more than the fourth passage under spheroid suspension conditions. Moreover, the lack of cell proliferation and spheroid formation might be caused by a reduction in the proliferative ability of myoepithelial stem cells after serial passages in spheroid cultures.

Introduction of immortalizing genes prolongs the cell culture period in sweat glands

As the growth of sweat gland cells under in vitro culture was disturbed by spontaneous cellular senescence, primary sweat gland cells could not be cultured for a long time. According to a previous study on glandular cell immortalization⁸, we attempted to immortalize sweat gland cells by the transduction of the hTERT and SV40Tt genes (Fig. S2). The hTERT- and SV40Tt-transduced cells displayed spheroid formation at the fourth and ninth passages (Fig. 2a), and were competent in forming spheroids even after the 19th passage, on average (Fig. 2b). Population doubling was also significantly increased in the hTERT- and SV40Tt-transduced cells, capable of population doubling 65 times compared with 7 times in untransduced cells (P < 0.001) (Fig. 2c). In contrast, spheroid formation and population doubling in single gene-transduced cells were not significantly different from those in the untransduced cells. The hTERT- and SV40Tt-transduced cells formed a spherical structure until day 4 and the spheroids size continued to increase thereafter (Supplementary Fig. S3). Furthermore, the cryopreserved hTERT-and SV40Tt-transduced cells were capable of forming spheroids and competent in passaging several times (Supplementary Fig. S4a). Moreover, the proportion of β-gal-positive senescent cells in hTERT- and SV40Tt-transduced cells was significantly lower than that in the untransduced control cells at the fourth or fifth passage when these cells failed to form spheroids (P < 0.001) (Fig. 2d,e). This indicated that we successfully generated immortalized sweat gland cells in the suspension spheroid culture system.

Immortalized sweat gland cells maintain myoepithelial cell properties

As immortalized sweat gland cells were competent in spheroid formation, which was also observed in the culture of myoepithelial cells⁵, we examined whether the immortalized cells expressed myoepithelial cell-specific protein. α-SMA-positive cells were predominantly observed in the immortalized cells at the fourth passage, whereas α-SMA-positive cells were hardly observed in the untransduced control cells (P < 0.001) (Fig. 3a,b). The immortalized cells retained α-SMA-positive cells after further passages (e.g., at the sixth passage) and did not produce K8, a luminal cell marker (Fig. 3c). Immortalized cells retained α-SMA production even after cryopreservation (Supplementary Fig. S4b). Moreover, the majority of immortalized sweat gland cells at the sixth passage indicated the presence of α-SMA with integrin β1 or K14, similar to those in the primary myoepithelial cells (Fig. 3d,e). These results strongly indicated that our sweat-gland-cell-derived immortalized cells retained myoepithelial-cell-specific protein production. Therefore, we termed the generated cells “immortalized eccrine sweat gland myoepithelial (iEM) cells.”

iEM cells can differentiate into luminal cells

To confirm whether iEM cells are capable of differentiation, similar to primary myoepithelial cells, we cultured iEM cells in serum-containing spheroid culture medium used for inducing differentiation of glandular stem cells in the mammary and meibomian glands^7,9. Serum-supplemented culture medium reduced α-SMA and K14 production in iEM cells, whereas serum-free culture medium did not (Fig. 4a). Additionally, adherent culture conditions, which induced the loss of myoepithelial cells in primary sweat gland cells, also reduced α-SMA and K14 gene expression in iEM cells (Supplementary Fig. S5a). Thus, iEM cells were responsive to serum as the cell differentiation stimulus, which was identical to mammary gland stem cells⁸. However, this culture medium-containing serum did not show clear differentiation of iEM cells into luminal cells, and K8 expression was not detected (Supplementary Fig. S5b). Therefore, we attempted to find a suitable stimulation for the differentiation of iEM cells into luminal cells. We screened small compounds capable of differentiating iEM cells into luminal cells from a panel of small compounds (differentiation inhibitors and activators), by employing K18 production as the marker for luminal cell production. Thirty-four compounds were found to increase K18 mRNA expression in iEM cells (Table 1). Among these, ICG-001, a Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor, increased the production of K8, another luminal-cell-specific protein, in iEM cells (Fig. 4b,c). We performed immunofluorescence staining to assess K8 and α-SMA protein production in ICG-001-treated iEM cells. K8-producing cells were found in iEM cells treated with ICG-001 but not in the control cells (Fig. 4d). These results indicated that iEM cells are competent in differentiating into luminal cells when small compounds, including ICG-001, are provided. Therefore, iEM cells possess myoepithelial cell characteristics, including specific protein expression and differentiation potential, similar to primary myoepithelial cells.

Table 1 Overview of K18 mRNA expression in iEM cells treated with the indicated compounds.

Full size table

Discussion

Sweat gland homeostasis is thought to be maintained by myoepithelial cells and sweat gland stem cells^4,5. To control self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation is important. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation of sweat gland myoepithelial cells in vitro, myoepithelial cells that can stably proliferate in a culture system are required. In our study, the primary sweat gland cells showed spheroid hypoplasia and attenuation of cell proliferation after the third passage. Therefore, we established iEM cells for the molecular analysis of sweat gland stem cells. iEM cells, transduced with hTERT and SV40Tt genes, continued to form spheroids after the 4th passage and expressed myoepithelial cell markers. Spheroids of iEM cells continued to increase in size after formation, suggesting that iEM cells are resistant to contact inhibition, as is the case with other cells transduced with hTERT and SV40Tt. iEM cells formed spheroids until the 19th passage. Moreover, the number of iEM cells was similar to or less than that of seeded cells at the last passage, indicating that most of them might enter the senescence phase as normal fibroblasts. Thus, iEM cells might be considered an in vitro model for investigating the functions of myoepithelial cells in eccrine sweat glands.

Previously, Lee and Dessi reported an epithelial cell line established from human sweat glands following the infection with simian virus 40¹⁰. The cell line, NCL-SG3, proliferates as an epithelial monolayer and expresses PAR-2 and TMEM16A genes, which are highly expressed in luminal cells but not in myoepithelial cells^11,12. NCL-SG3 cells also exhibit an increased rate of potassium efflux following ionomycin treatment¹³. The potassium channels activated by intracellular calcium are expressed in luminal cells in secretory coils but not in ductal cells¹⁴, indicating that NCL-SG3 cells are reminiscent of luminal cells of the secretory coils. Supporting this observation, the expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, which is abundantly found in ductal cells¹⁵, is not observed in NCL-SG3¹⁶. Thus, although established from human sweat gland cells, NCL-SG3 cannot be used as an in vitro model for myoepithelial cells of the secretory coils. There are no other cell lines derived from human sweat glands that express myoepithelial cell phenotypes; hence, the iEM cells developed in our study are the only immortalized cells suitable for an in vitro model of myoepithelial cells in sweat glands.

The iEM cells showed limited passaging numbers (approximately 19) and population doubling (approximately 65), as was the case with other immortalized epithelial cells reported previously. Immortalized mammary gland cells⁸ and keratinocytes¹⁷ showed a population doubling of 100 and 108, respectively. Immortalized mammary gland cells were used as an experimental model for the gene function analysis of breast cancer cells¹⁸. Therefore, iEM cells are a promising resource for studying the molecular and genetic characteristics of the myoepithelial cells of sweat glands. However, iEM cells cannot be maintained in a two-dimensional monolayer culture (Supplementary Fig. S4). Such limitations in 2D culture may possibly be imposed by the immortalization protocol, as Zhao et al. reported that mammary gland cells immortalized by the introduction of dominant active RhoA grow beyond 300 population doublings, which is higher than that immortalized using hTERT and SV40Tt¹⁹. Other protocols for immortalization such as introduction of HPV-E6/E7, c-myc, and RhoA may improve the proliferation potential and protein production of immortalized myoepithelial cells that can be maintained in a monolayer culture^19,20,21. However, additional studies are needed to determine the suitable immortalization conditions for the long-term culture of myoepithelial cells.

Hyperhidrosis, hypohidrosis, and heatstroke are sweat gland-related diseases. Therapeutic strategies against hyperhidrosis (e.g., Botox injection and anticholinergic drugs) have been established to elucidate the mechanisms controlling sweat secretion by the central nervous system²². However, therapeutic strategies against hypohidrosis and heatstroke, both of which are caused by sweat gland dysfunction, have not been well established^23,24. To retain sweat gland function, myoepithelial cells behave as stem cells in sweat glands^4,5. As a stable culture system for myoepithelial cells has not been established, and approaches to elucidate the functions of myoepithelial cell maintenance are limited²⁵. However, iEM cells can stably proliferate in a spheroid culture system, express myoepithelial cell-specific proteins, and exhibit differentiation potential. Thus, iEM cells can serve as experimental tools to study the pathogenesis of hypohidrosis and heatstroke.

The incidence of heatstroke increases in elderly people because sweating rates decrease with aging^26,27,28. Sweat gland atrophy with aging is one of the triggers for the reduction of sweat secretion^29,30. As the exhaustion of stem cells causes organ atrophy with aging³¹, the dysfunction or decrease of myoepithelial cells in sweat glands with aging might lead to sweat gland atrophy. Comparing the function of iEM cells established from the sweat glands of elderly people with those from younger people might elucidate the mechanisms of reduction in cellular functions with aging. Moreover, such additional efforts using iEM cells will be effective in finding a therapeutic method for hypohidrosis and heatstroke. As skin burns are repaired without sweat glands³², such patients suffer from reduced quality of life (QOL) because of the impaired thermoregulation. Technology for enabling regenerative skin with sweat glands will improve the QOL of burn patients. The iEM cells developed in our study are promising resources for the development of regenerative skin with sweat glands. Moreover, as common experimental animals (e.g., mice, rats, and more) do not have eccrine sweat glands for thermoregulation, such animal models are limited in the study of the physiological functions of human eccrine sweat glands. Since iEM cells preserve the in vivo-like characters of myoepithelial cells, they may compensate for the deficiency of in vivo models.

Materials and methods

Human skin tissues

Human skin tissues were obtained with informed consent from Kinugasa Clinic (Osaka, Japan) and Bizcom Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Experiments using human skin were approved by the ethics committee of Osaka University. All research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Sweat gland isolation and spheroid cell culture

Sweat glands were obtained by performing skin biopsies using tweezers and scissors and disaggregated with 600 U/mL collagenase type II (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Lakewood, NJ) in Mammocult Human Medium (Stemcell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada) for 4–16 h at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ using a tube rotator (NISSIN, Tokyo, Japan) at 20 rpm. After the enzymatic reaction, sweat glands were isolated using micropipettes (P1000). The isolated sweat glands were then sequentially incubated with 0.5% trypsin–EDTA (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) and 5 U/mL dispase (Gibco) at 37 °C by pipetting to dissociate sweat gland cells. The cells were then filtered through a 40-μm filter (Falcon, Corning, NY), centrifuged at 350×g for 5 min at 4 °C, and washed three times with Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (Gibco). The washed cells were seeded in 24-well ultra-low attachment culture plates (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA) with spheroid culture medium (Supplementary Table S1) at a density of 2500 cells/well. Sweat gland spheroids were enzymatically dissociated into single cells and re-cultured under the same conditions. The spheroids were passaged once every seven days.

Immunofluorescence staining

Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at 25 °C. Fixed cells were mounted on slides and incubated at 37 °C for 8–16 h for attachment of the cells to the slides. The cells fixed on the slides were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100. The cells were then blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution for 30 min and incubated with the primary antibody diluted in 3% BSA solution overnight (16 h) at 4 °C. Subsequently, the cells were washed with 0.05% Triton X-100 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS-T) three times and incubated with the secondary antibody diluted in 1% BSA solution for 1.5 h at 25 °C. After incubation with the secondary antibody, the cells were washed with PBS-T three times and stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 5 min at 25 °C. After washing the slides with PBS, the cells were covered with glass slips. Fluorescence images were obtained using a BZ-X710 microscope (Keyence Japan, Osaka, Japan) at 20X magnification. The antibodies used are listed in Supplementary Table S2.

Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity assay

The cells fixed on slides were stained using SPiDER-βgal (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Then the cells were washed with PBS three times and stained with DAPI for 5 min at 25 °C. After washing the slides with PBS, the cells were covered with glass slips. Fluorescence images were obtained using a BZ-X710 microscope (Keyence Japan, Osaka, Japan) at × 20 magnification.

Lentivirus infection

Lentivirus vectors carrying hTERT and SV40Tt genes were purchased from Applied Biological Materials (Richmond, BC, Canada). Sweat gland cells forming spheroids were immortalized by infection with viral medium (spheroid culture medium without Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and antibiotic–antimycotic (Gibco), 5 × 10⁶ U/mL lentivirus vectors, and 10 μg/mL polybrene (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA)). The viral medium was replaced with fresh medium after 6 h.

Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis

Total RNA was extracted using TRI-reagent (MRC, Cincinnati, OH) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from RNA using the QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). The synthesized cDNA was subject to real-time PCR analysis using the THUNDERBIRD SYBR qPCR Mix (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan) and a ViiA7 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The primer sequences used for PCR are listed in Supplementary Table S3.

Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products

The cDNA obtained from total RNA was amplified by PCR using Veriti Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems). The amplified cDNA was subject to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis for 30 min using Midori Green (Nippon Genetics, Tokyo, Japan). DNA band images were obtained using Limited-STAGE (AMZ Systems Science, Osaka, Japan). The targeted bands were analyzed using the ImageJ software version 1.53 (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA, http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/).

Culture of immortalized myoepithelial cells with small compounds

Immortalized myoepithelial cells were seeded in 24-well ultra-low attachment culture plates (Corning) containing spheroid culture medium (10,000 cells/well). The cells were cultured with each compound in the library consisting of 99 small compounds, i.e., targeting factors related to stem cell maintenance and differentiation (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA) (Supplementary Table S4) for seven days. K18 expression in the cultured cells was measured using RT-PCR.

Western blot analysis

The cells were lysed in a solution (50 mM Tris–HCl [pH 7.5], 125 mM NaCl, 1.0% Nonidet P-40) and subjected to western blot analysis with 12%–polyacrylamide gel and polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The antibodies used in western blot are listed in Supplementary Table S2. Target proteins were detected using ECL prime solution (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) and Amersham Imager 600 (GE Healthcare). The targeted bands were analyzed using the ImageJ software version 1.53 (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Statistical analysis

All data are represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Statistical significance was determined by the unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Steel–Dwass test, and Tukey–Kramer test using the Prism 7 software version 7.04 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its Supplementary Information files).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Tetsuo Kinugasa (Kinugasa Clinic, Osaka, Japan) and Dr. Tatsurou Kamakura (Seishin Regenerative Medicine Center, Tokyo, Japan) for providing the skin samples. This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number 16K16602 to T.H., and by the Collaborative Research Fund from Mandom Corporation to K.S.

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Authors and Affiliations

Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
Tomohisa Hayakawa, Fumitaka Fujita & Fumihiro Okada
Fundamental Research Institute, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, Japan
Fumitaka Fujita & Fumihiro Okada
Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi

Authors

Tomohisa Hayakawa
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Fumitaka Fujita
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Fumihiro Okada
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Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
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Contributions

T.H., F.O., and K.S. designed the work. T.H., F.F., and K.S. wrote the main manuscript text. T.H. performed the experiments and analyzed the data. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Fumitaka Fujita or Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi.

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Hayakawa, T., Fujita, F., Okada, F. et al. Establishment and characterization of immortalized sweat gland myoepithelial cells. Sci Rep 12, 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03991-5

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Received: 02 October 2021
Accepted: 08 December 2021
Published: 07 January 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03991-5

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