Review Articles

In this Review, the authors discuss recessive ataxias with ganglionopathy or polyneuropathy — particularly Friedreich ataxia and RFC1-associated cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome — including the possible shared pathogenic mechanisms between these diseases and therapeutic advances.

Some individuals accumulate high levels of Alzheimer disease neuropathological changes without showing symptoms of the disease. Here, the authors review the insights that have been gained from post mortem studies of such ‘resilient’ individuals and discuss the implications for risk prediction and the development of therapeutic interventions.

Glioblastoma is one of the most treatment-resistant CNS malignancies, and the tumour inevitably recurs, usually in or near the resection cavity. Here, the authors discuss local therapies for glioblastoma, examining treatment of the resection cavity and other direct approaches to the tumour.

In this Review, the authors discuss the involvement of astrocytes and microglia in the pathophysiology of progressive multiple sclerosis and consider current and future therapeutic approaches that directly target glial cells.

In vivo imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of Parkinson disease (PD) are important for the development of new therapies. The authors review recent advances in brain and retinal imaging in PD, focusing particularly on multimodal approaches with applications at the prodromal stage.

In this Review, Schagen and colleagues discuss recent insights into the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment that occurs after cancer treatment. The authors also discuss the steps necessary to develop restorative and preventive interventions for such impairment and provide recommendations for clinical care.

In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the evidence regarding the use of blood levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in a range of neurological diseases, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease.

In this Review, Fisher and Savitz consider how the era of reperfusion therapy in ischaemic stroke provides new hope for the development of cytoprotective therapies to further improve outcomes, highlighting how promising recent findings can be built on to benefit patients.

In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the clinical and pathological features of diseases caused by CGG trinucleotide repeat expansions, and propose that they represent a single underlying neuromyodegenerative syndrome with gene-dependent manifestations.

In this Review, the authors give an overview of the genetics of common small vessel disease, and provide insights into causal genes and the biological pathways involved, the overlap with monogenic small vessel disease, and the therapeutic implications of these factors.

Psychosis is a common symptom of Alzheimer disease (AD) and few treatments are available. In this Review, the authors describe the main features of psychosis in AD and other dementias and consider how recent mechanistic insights are informing new treatment approaches.

In this Review, the authors consider how current understanding of four genetic generalized epilepsy syndromes that commonly occur in adults challenges traditional concepts about these conditions and suggests that they are not distinct but sit on a neurobiological continuum.

In this Review, Nassan and Videnovic discuss the alterations to the circadian system that occur in neurodegenerative disorders and highlight future directions for research in the field, including opportunities for the development of circadian-based therapeutic interventions.

In this Review, Li-Huei Tsai and colleagues discuss the ongoing work towards the generation of more physiological in vitro models of Alzheimer disease (AD), with a particular focus on the modelling of AD-related changes to the blood–brain barrier, myelination, neuroinflammation and neuronal circuits.

Despite substantial progress in the development of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) remain limited. The authors present criteria for therapeutic success in PMS and consider the extent to which current drugs meet these criteria.

The close connection between epileptic networks and the autonomic nervous system is illustrated by a range of autonomic manifestations during a seizure. This article reviews the spectrum and diagnostic value of these manifestations, focusing on presentations that could contribute to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.

Clinical trials have led to the approval of new targeted therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. In this Review, Pittock et al. discuss the pathophysiological rationale for these drugs, the methodology and outcomes of the trials, and their implications for clinical practice.

The prevalence of dementia in India is expected to increase. Here, the authors review the existing data on dementia in India, discuss areas for future research and highlight the importance of developing appropriate public health strategies to tackle the growing dementia burden.

In this Review, Koch-Henriksen and Magyari consider the evidence for changes in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis, focusing on trends in the incidence of the disease over time and trends in the disease severity, and discuss the factors influencing these trends.

This Review offers a novel theoretical perspective on the neurobehavioural comorbidities of adult and childhood epilepsy, involving new analytical approaches, derivation of new taxonomies and consideration of the diverse forces that influence cognition and behaviour in individuals with epilepsy.