Primers and PrimeViews

Urothelial bladder cancer has various pathogenic pathways and comprises distinct molecular subtypes. This Primer reviews the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on risk factors, discusses mechanisms of pathogenesis, diagnosis and management at different disease stages, and highlights patient quality of life and open research questions.

This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of traumatic muscle injury. This injury type is defined as traumatic damage to the muscle tissue that can result in a functional deficit.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence of ganglion cells in the bowel, leading to constipation, abdominal distension and intestinal obstruction. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of HSCR, and discusses quality of life of patients as well as novel avenues for research.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection causes an acute liver disease that resolves with no long-term sequelae in most patients. Some patients will develop acute liver failure requiring transplantation. This Primer discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of HAV infection.

Male infertility is increasing globally and is an under-recognized factor in couples’ infertility. In this Primer, Eisenberg and colleagues provide an overview of the epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of male infertility, focusing on impairments in spermatogenesis.

This Primer provides a general overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of the glycogen storage diseases. These genetic conditions are characterized by deficits in glycogenesis, glycogenolysis or glycolysis.

This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). This Primer also reviews how this disorder affects patient quality of life, and provides an overview of future research.

In HIV infection, the virus invades and destroys the immune system of the host. This Primer by Bekker and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection, and discusses patient quality of life and open research questions for this condition.

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is one of the most common causes of early-onset dementia. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of frontotemporal dementia and discusses how this disorder affects patients’ quality of life.

HIV-associated lung disease includes acute, infectious illnesses such as tuberculosis as well as chronic, non-infectious conditions such as chronic obstructive lung disease and lung cancer. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of these lung conditions, their effect on patient quality of life, and future directions for research and treatment.

Cardiac tamponade is a potentially life-threatening emergency involving compression of the heart caused by accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. This Primer by Adler and colleagues provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and effect on patient quality of life of cardiac tamponade as well as of areas requiring further research.

This Primer summarizes the molecular mechanisms of imprinting disorders, in addition to the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. Moreover, this Primer provides an overview of future research avenues and the effect of these disorders on patient quality of life.

This Primer by Hawes and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), a disruptive behaviour disorder that typically occurs in childhood. This Primer also discusses the effects of ODD across the lifespan and provides an overview of future research directions.

This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma. This Primer also reviews future research avenues and the effect that this disorder has on the quality of life of patients.

Acute graft-versus-host disease can occur after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this disorder. This Primer also reviews future research avenues and the effect this disorder has on patients’ quality of life.

Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents remains high or is increasing. This Primer by Lister and colleagues discusses the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention and management of obesity in this age group. The authors also highlight patient quality of life and areas for further research.

Young-onset colorectal cancer occurs in individuals younger than 50 years and is increasing in incidence worldwide. This Primer provides an overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, screening, prevention, pathophysiology and management of this cancer and its impact on patient quality of life.

Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastritis and can lead to severe gastroduodenal pathologies, including peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. This Primer summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of this infection, and discusses patient quality of life and open research questions.

Chikungunya fever is an acute febrile illness caused by chikungunya virus, a mosquito-borne alphavirus. This Primer by Bartholomeeusen and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of chikungunya fever, and discusses patient quality of life and open research questions for this condition.

This Primer by Cordonnier and colleagues describes the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage.