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Human neurons with 1q21.1 deletion or duplication are associated with developmental deficits. Cortical preplate marker T-Box Brain 1 (TBR1, green, upper panel) and deep layer marker Coup-TFI Interacting Protein 2 (CTIP2, green, lower panel) were differentially expressed in iPSC derived MAP2+ neurons (red) carrying 1q21.1 deletion (centre) or duplication (right) in comparison to non-carrier controls (left). The nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue)". For more information see the article by Chapman et al. on pages 819-830.
Current models of human fear learning processes emphasize a primary contribution of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to fear inhibition (i.e., fear extinction). Here, we discuss crucial findings from recent brain imaging studies that highlight the role of vmPFC and its subregions in how fear is acquired (i.e., fear conditioning).