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Graves orbitopathy has a negative impact on a patient’s quality of life. This Review provides an overview of the field and outlines the optimal management of Graves orbitopathy. The authors also highlight future research questions to direct future clinical trials.
The dominant immune cell type causing pancreatic islet inflammation in individuals with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus is the macrophage. In this Review, we focus on the characteristics of inflammation in obese or type 2 diabetes mellitus islets and the consequences of this with respect to β-cell function.
In this Review, the authors highlight findings from genome-wide association studies and studies using various omics technologies individually to identify mechanisms of osteoporosis, which is a highly heritable condition. They also summarize current studies of data integration to understand, diagnose and inform the treatment of osteoporosis.
This Review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipolytic effects of growth hormone (GH), setting current knowledge into the context of historical data. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of GH-induced lipolysis and insulin resistance as well as the actions of GH on different adipose tissue depots and adipocyte subsets are discussed.
This Review provides an overview of the extensive crosstalk between adipocytes, resident innate immune cells and the sympathetic nerves that innervate adipose tissue, as well as the changes that occur in these secretory and signalling pathways in obesity.
This Review outlines the mechanisms by which bile acids regulate glucose homeostasis and the settings in which endogenous bile acids are altered, and provides suggestions for future research.
Globally, the incidence of thyroid cancer is on the increase. This Review highlights the epidemiology of thyroid cancer in high-income, middle-income and low-income countries and discusses the prevalence of modifiable individual risk factors and population-level exposures to environmental risk factors.
Circulating microRNAs act as a new class of endocrine factor that can facilitate crosstalk between metabolic organs. This Review highlights obesity-associated and/or adipose tissue-enriched microRNAs and discusses their potential as biomarkers or therapeutics for obesity and related disorders.
This Review discusses the effects of space flight in low Earth orbit on reproductive end points in humans and experimental animals. The effects of simulated microgravity, hypergravity and experimentally generated space radiation on reproductive end points are also outlined.
This Review outlines how diet and metabolic diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) affect hepatic fatty acid partitioning.
Although β-cell targeted autoimmune processes and β-cell dysfunction are known to occur in type 1 diabetes mellitus, the precise aetiology and pathological mechanisms are still largely unclear. This Review explores the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and describes expected developments in the near future.
This Review summarizes the mechanisms of endometriosis and highlights how health-care professionals could rethink endometriosis diagnosis and management. A patient-centred, individualized, multi-modal and interdisciplinary integrated approach should be taken to maximize the quality of the patient’s ‘endometriosis life’.
Osteoblasts synthesize bone matrix and work in harmony with bone-resorbing osteoclasts in a continuous bone remodelling cycle. This Review discusses three known osteoblast-secreted endocrine factors (osteocalcin, lipocalin and sclerostin) and highlights how these hormones integrate the metabolic requirements of bone formation with respect to whole-body metabolism.
Metformin is the first-line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is effective in decreasing plasma glucose levels. This review summarizes the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in T2DM and highlights emerging evidence that metformin decreases obesity-induced meta-inflammation and acts in the gastrointestinal tract.
Daily TSH secretion profiles are disrupted in some patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Here, the authors discuss the interconnection between circadian clocks and thyroid function and highlight the possible link between thyroid cancer and disrupted circadian machinery
Adipocytes respond to environmental cues, such as metabolic stress, by releasing endocrine factors that modulate diverse physiological processes. This Review discusses the metabolic functions of adipose tissue-derived endocrine hormones and highlights how these factors might contribute to cardiometabolic diseases.
Obesity among children and adolescents is highly prevalent in both developed and developing countries. This Review discusses data on the early determinants of childhood obesity in order to provide relevant strategies for daily clinical work.
The human stress response has evolved to maintain homeostasis under conditions of stress. This Review outlines the role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in synchronizing the stress response with circadian regulatory processes and maintaining homeostasis.
Turner syndrome is a rare disorder of women associated with complete or partial loss of one X chromosome. This Review presents an updated discussion of the pathogenetic mechanisms and management of Turner syndrome.
This Review highlights various medical imaging techniques and fracture prediction tools that are used to diagnosis osteoporosis and discusses the potential importance of screening in at-risk populations.
