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This Review discusses the emerging aspects of crosstalk in the nuclear receptor field. The authors present various mechanistic crosstalk modes and provide examples that support applicability of the atypical heterodimer concept.
High doses and long-term use of glucocorticoids lead to an important and common iatrogenic complication, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. This Review outlines our current understanding of the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and discusses treatment options.
This Review summarizes the process involved in the metabolism of macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) with a focus on the physiological and neuroendocrine aspects. The associations between macronutrients and obesity are also discussed in the context of factors such as genetics and the microbiome composition.
Young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosed in people aged <40 years has a more rapid disease course that later-onset T2DM. This Review discusses the current and future burden of young-onset T2DM in different populations and highlights the associations of young-onset T2DM with premature mortality and morbidity.
The adrenal glands are a source of androgens that all share an oxygen atom on carbon 11 (termed 11-oxyandrogens). This Review focuses on the rapidly expanding knowledge regarding the implications of 11-oxyandrogens in human physiology and disease.
This Review discusses mechanisms of cellular senescence and approaches to target this pathway therapeutically using ‘senolytic’ drugs or inhibitors of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. In addition, evidence is presented that cellular senescence has a causative role in multiple chronic diseases associated with ageing and/or endocrine diseases.
This Review discusses the connections between insulin signalling and oncogenic transformation, highlighting the potential effect of insulin as a pro-tumorigenic factor. The latest studies examining new approaches to circumvent systemic insulin feedback to increase the antitumour effect of agents targeting the insulin signalling pathway are discussed.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has genetic and environmental risk factors that result in impaired glucose homeostasis. This Review discusses efforts to identify molecular mechanisms associated with T2DM susceptibility loci and highlights the current human models that are used to study β-cell development and function.
This Review examines the emerging concept that distinct ceramide species in specific cellular compartments can exert specialized functions in obesity-associated deterioration of metabolic homeostasis. Ceramides are therefore potential targets in the development of novel and specific therapies for obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
Food is widely assumed to be a zeitgeber, or time cue, for the human circadian system; however, evidence from human trials is scarce. This Review highlights evidence from human studies that food is a zeitgeber and compares findings against formal zeitgeber criteria.
Selenium status varies across the world and adverse health effects have been observed at both extremes of intake. This Review discusses the physiological functions of selenium and highlights evidence that selenium status is important in thyroid function. The evidence for selenium supplementation from randomized clinical trials in benign thyroid diseases is also considered.
This article discusses the role of thyroid hormones in craniofacial bone formation. The clinical consequences of thyroid hormone excess and deficiency are also outlined.
Graves orbitopathy has a negative impact on a patient’s quality of life. This Review provides an overview of the field and outlines the optimal management of Graves orbitopathy. The authors also highlight future research questions to direct future clinical trials.
The dominant immune cell type causing pancreatic islet inflammation in individuals with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus is the macrophage. In this Review, we focus on the characteristics of inflammation in obese or type 2 diabetes mellitus islets and the consequences of this with respect to β-cell function.
In this Review, the authors highlight findings from genome-wide association studies and studies using various omics technologies individually to identify mechanisms of osteoporosis, which is a highly heritable condition. They also summarize current studies of data integration to understand, diagnose and inform the treatment of osteoporosis.
This Review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipolytic effects of growth hormone (GH), setting current knowledge into the context of historical data. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of GH-induced lipolysis and insulin resistance as well as the actions of GH on different adipose tissue depots and adipocyte subsets are discussed.
This Review provides an overview of the extensive crosstalk between adipocytes, resident innate immune cells and the sympathetic nerves that innervate adipose tissue, as well as the changes that occur in these secretory and signalling pathways in obesity.
This Review outlines the mechanisms by which bile acids regulate glucose homeostasis and the settings in which endogenous bile acids are altered, and provides suggestions for future research.
Globally, the incidence of thyroid cancer is on the increase. This Review highlights the epidemiology of thyroid cancer in high-income, middle-income and low-income countries and discusses the prevalence of modifiable individual risk factors and population-level exposures to environmental risk factors.
