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Despite advances in understanding HIV pathogenesis, the economic, social and legal constraints in India continue to make women particularly vulnerable to HIV infection.
Characterization of the interaction between purified Spätzle and Toll shows that cleaved Spätzle dimers directly bind Toll and trigger intracellular signaling.
Rap1 mediates 'inside-out' signaling from the T cell receptor to LFA-1. The discovery of RAPL, a Rap1-binding molecule, helps explain how Rap1 induces T cell adhesion.