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Notch is essential for T lineage cell differentiation. Three new papers look at when Notch signaling is required and how it affects different cell types.
The function of CD14 in LPS signaling has remained enigmatic. Examination of the responses of cells and mice with defective CD14 shows that this molecule seems to modulate specific LPS recognition by TLR4.
Some microbes can circumvent phagocytosis by interfering with membrane transport systems. Brucella do this by making cyclic glucan molecules that interfere with lipid raft–mediated vacuole maturation.
The MAP3K kinases are thought to mediate signaling 'downstream' of the Toll-like receptors. Analysis of the MAP3K ASK1 demonstrates additional complexity in Toll-like receptor signaling pathways involving reactive oxygen species.
Cross-priming of cytotoxic T cells requires the transfer of antigens to dendritic cells from other cells. Careful analysis indicates that the antigens are peptides in association with chaperone proteins.