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Caligiuri and colleagues show that the m6A reader YTHDF2 modulates the inflammatory activation and antitumor function of tumor-associated macrophages in part by modulating the stability of Stat1 mRNA.
Reboldi and colleagues show that high-cholesterol diets influence IgA secretion. Cholesterol-derived metabolites act on plasma cell GPR183 receptors to alter cell positioning of IgA+ plasma cells within the lamina propria and suppress antibody responses to intestinal pathogens.
Farber and colleagues examine the phenotypic, transcriptomic, clonal, and functional differences between tissue-resident T cells in various barrier tissue sites relative to T cells in lymphoid organs and circulation in humans.
The formation of an immunological synapse is central to the ability of NK cells to lyse target cells. Here the authors show that Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) might be a good target for cancer immunotherapy as it destabilizes the NK synapse, resulting in defective killing of tumor cells.
Here, the authors show that a subset of NKT2 cells are programmed during thymic development at early postnatal ages to migrate to the skin, where they support local tissue homeostasis through regulation of iron metabolism.
Trained immunity can manifest as a form of innate immune memory whereby innate immune cell responses are reprogrammed to respond differently to a variety of stimuli. Here, the authors show that lung macrophages can be trained by whole beta-glucan particle to enhance their ability to control tumor metastasis.
Gasdermin E pore formation has been associated with pyroptotic cell death. Here the authors identify gasdermin E pores in a subset of human TH17 cells and show that rather than killing these cells the pores enable the release of IL-1α on NLRP3 inflammasome activation as an antifungal immune response.
Weiss and colleagues identify a role for the endoplasmic reticulum-tethered PI transfer protein Nir3 in replenishing plasma membrane PIP2 levels in DN3-DP thymocytes, thereby increasing the sensitivity of developing thymocytes to weak TCR agonists.
Boussiotis and colleagues show that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 regulates the differentiation and antitumor function of monocytes downstream of the inhibitory PD-1 receptor.
Ha and colleagues show that loss of PD-1 expression on regulatory T cells in the tumor environment reduces their metabolic fitness and proliferative capacity.
The regulatory protein SREBP is required for CD8+ T cell metabolic reprogramming after activation. Luo et al. demonstrate that stimulated B cells require SCAP, a regulator of SREBP, for metabolic reprogramming and the formation and maintenance of germinal center B cells.
Stepanek and colleagues demonstrate that the LCK kinase associated with CD4 or CD8 co-receptors has kinase-dependent and kinase-independent roles in T cell activation.
De Jong and colleagues identify staphylococcal phosphatidylglycerol lipids as antigens for human CD1a-restricted T cells, which promote type 2 immune responses and may contribute to atopic dermatitis.
Gata3 upregulation is required for TH2 cell polarization. McKenzie and colleagues find that integrin αvβ3 is upregulated by Gata3 and that this is crucial in inducing FAK–mTOR signaling required for TH2 cell differentiation.
Exhausted CD8+ T cells with diminished effector functions accumulate in tumors. Here, the authors show that hypoxia induces a suppressive phenotype in exhausted T cells and that interfering with hypoxia-mediated CD39 expression limits immunosuppression in the tumor and augments immunotherapy, resulting in arrest of tumor growth.
Cancer immunotherapies can be limited by terminally dysfunctional T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Here the authors present a model of stable human T cell dysfunction to show that TGFβ contributes to this terminal dysfunction which can be therapeutically inhibited by simultaneously blocking TGFβ1 and boosting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.
The factors controlling monocyte fate commitment toward macrophages versus dendritic cells are unclear. Here the authors show that ETV3 and ETV6 enable dendritic cell differentiation by repressing the macrophage transcriptional program.
Manthiram and colleagues analyze the peripheral blood, tonsils and adenoids in children undergoing tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy and find evidence of continued tissue-specific immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and viral RNA persistence weeks to months after acute infection.
Modeling a rare bone marrow failure disorder due to haploinsufficiency for the MECOM transcription factor identifies a human hematopoietic stem cell regulatory network, which is co-opted by high-risk leukemias.
Goronzy and colleagues examine differences in naive CD4+ T cells from young and older adults to TCR stimulation. They find reduced HELIOS expression in the elderly, resulting in increased CD25 expression and activation of pSTAT5 in FOXP3− T cells. This scenario favors generation of short-lived effector T cells over memory cell populations.