Abstract
Quantum entanglement and atomic coherence are examined for a system consisting of a four-level atom (FLA) interacted with a nonlinear quantum field. We assume that the FLA-field coupling, Kerr medium and quantified field are all \(f\)-deformed with full nonlinear formalism. We consider N-configuration and cascade (C)-configuration of the FLA. We explore the impact of field deformation and Kerr medium on the dynamics of the quantumness measures when the quantized field is initially prepared in a deformed coherent state without and with Kerr medium effect. Moreover, we examine the statistical properties of the radiation field using the second order correlation function. The results indicate how the considered quantumness measures in the FLA–field system can be manipulated and controlled through the parameters of the quantum model.
Similar content being viewed by others
Introduction
Quantum electrodynamics (QED) has been considered as crucial area of study in quantum optics, due to the inherently interesting and far-reaching implications resulting from the exploration of the fundamental characteristics of light-matter interaction1. In a cavity QED, the typical representation is that an atom interacts with a single near-resonant quantized mode of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, the model describes coupling between a two-level particle and a harmonic oscillator. The study of the interaction is analytically obtained by the solvable Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM)2,3. This simple model theoretically explains many nonclassical phenomena, including collapse-revivals4, Rabi oscillations5, and entanglement6. It also performs an essential role in quantum information processing7,8,9. Additionally, the quantum described by JCM is one of several possible methods for the generation of nonclassical states10,11. The reduced number of degrees of freedom in this model facilitates the confirming of its dynamics by experiments with the Rydberg atom in high-quality cavities12.
The extensions of the JCM are becoming increasingly intriguing especially with the advancement of extant experimental techniques. There are some theoretical proposals considering more complex systems; multiple atoms13,14, multilevel atoms15,16, multi-mode field17, or considering nonlinear optical process such as Kerr nonlinearity18. In addition, the dynamics of two-level atom have been considered with intensity-dependent coupling19. It implies that the intensity-dependent coupling appears to be a more practical solution to the problem of atom–field interaction, particularly in the domain of strong coupling where the rotating wave approximation (RWA) fails20,21.
In other respects, there are unavoidable two dissipative mechanisms affect atoms in real cavities: spontaneous emission and the loss of energy from the cavity. These mechanisms are not introduced in the original JCM; however, experimental test of the JCM and its generalizations have been enhanced by the including damping mechanisms and provides precise verifications22. Regarding the nonlinear properties of light-matter interaction, the Kerr effect has been utilized in several noteworthy applications, including quantum non-demolition measurements23, quantum fluctuations24, the generation of entangled macroscopic quantum states25, and quantum information processing26. Despite the fact the natural Kerr effect is small, it can be enhanced via atomic coherence27, quantum interference28, and electromagnetically induced transparency29. In addition, the atom–field coupling can be considered in terms of the light intensity. In this case, the coupling is known as intensity-dependent coupling, and the quantized field is described by nonlinear coherent states (CSs)30.
There are several atomic configurations for FLAs and they can be realized experimentally through rubidium atoms31,32,33,34,35,36,37. FLAs have been considered to examine several physical effects such as Doppler-free spectroscopy38, spontaneous and stimulated Ramann processes39, coherent trapping40,41 and two-photon lasers42, etc. The four-state atom in N-configuration is the simplest model used to explain the EIA resonance43. The experimental observations of the large Kerr nonlinearity in the four-level electromagnetically induced transparency scheme have been introduced, where the experiments were performed by cold 87Rb atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap44. The cross-Kerr Hamiltonian for the FLA coupled to electromagnetic fields in the context of N-configuration, by using the hyperfine components of the 87Rb in order to form the FLA, has been studied45. An ensemble of 87Rb atoms in the context of FLAs trapped within a magneto-optical trap with similar conditions to recent experiments has been considered44. The experimental observations have showed that the laser-induced population transfers among the levels of N four-level schemes, considering alkali-metal atoms, are incoherently produced by spontaneous emission processes and that the explored incoherent N schemes are transformed into coherent ones through applying a resonant laser radiation46. More recently, the physical origin of the interferences was explored considering four-level cascade rubidium atoms through simultaneous interactions with three energies; one radio frequency field and two optical fields47.
Based on the above considerations, the aim of this work is to examine the quantum entanglement, coherence and statistical properties in a quantum system consists of an FLA coupled with a nonlinear field in the presence of a Kerr medium. We assume that the FLA-field coupling, Kerr medium and quantified field are all \(f\)-deformed with full nonlinear formalism. We consider the N- and C-configuration of the FLA. We illustrate the impact of field deformation and Kerr medium on the dynamics of the quantumess measures when the radiation field is initially considered in a deformed coherent without and with Kerr medium effect. Moreover, we explain how the quantum resources can be manipulated and controlled through the parameters of the quantum model. The following is structured as follows. In section "Quantum model and dynamics", we present the model which describes the FLA-one mode field system and its quantum dynamics. The wave function of the atomic system under consideration may now be determined. Section "Quantum quantifiers and numerical results", discusses the dynamical properties of the proposed quantum phenomena under the considering the impact of the model parameters. After that, a summary of the findings and some conclusions will be presented.
Quantum model and dynamics
We introduce two quantum schemes of a FLA, considering N- and C-configuration, as illustrated in Fig. 1, interacting with a quantized field oscillating with a frequency \(\Omega \) and initially described in a deformed coherent state (DCS). We consider that the FLA with energies \({\omega }_{k} (k=\mathrm{1,2},\mathrm{3,4})\) corresponding to an atomic state from the upper state \(\left|1\right.\rangle \) to the lower state \(\left|4\right.\rangle \). The states \(|k\rangle \) are ordered in N-configuration with the transitions \(\left|1\right.\rangle \to \left|4\right.\rangle , \left|2\right.\rangle \to \left|4\right.\rangle \) and \(|2\rangle \to |3\rangle \), while for C-configuration \(|k\rangle \) are ordered as \(\left|1\right.\rangle \to \left|2\right.\rangle ,\) \(|2\rangle \to |3\rangle \) and \(\left|3\right.\rangle \to \left|4\right.\rangle .\) Based on the RWA, the FLA Hamiltonian for N- and C-configuration are denoted by \({\widehat{H}}_{{\text{NC}}}\) and \({\widehat{H}}_{{\text{CC}}}\), respectively, and can be written in the presence of Kerr medium effect as48
tends to
Here \(\lambda \) is the parameter describing the coupling between the FLA and the nonlinear field, and χ Kerr medium parameter. The operators \(\hat{R}^{\dag }\) and \(\widehat{R}\) represent the \(f\)-deformed creation and annihilation operators, respectively, constructed from the usual bosonic operators \(\hat{a}^{\dag }\) and \(\hat{a}\) as \(\hat{R} = \hat{a}f\left( {\hat{n}} \right)\) and \(\hat{R}^{\dag } = f\left( {\hat{n}} \right)\hat{a}^{\dag }\) with \(\hat{n} = \hat{a}^{\dag } \hat{a}\) is the number operator and \(f\) is a characteristic function of the deformation determining the field nonlinearity. The operators \(\hat{R}^{\dag }\) and \(\hat{R}\) verify the bosonic commutation relations
and they act on the Fock states as
It should be emphasized that selecting various nonlinearity functions results in various Hamiltonian systems, which may then lead to various physical outcomes. In the case of \(f\left(\widehat{n}\right)=1\), the Hamiltonian defined in Eq. (1) represents the usual generalized JCM with Kerr nonlinearity and the quantum algebra (2) becomes the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra described by \(\hat{a}^{\dag }\), \(\hat{a}\) and the identity operator \({\text{I}}\).
In analogy to the Glauber states, the \({\text{DCSs}}\) are therefore defined as the eigenvectors of \(\widehat{{\text{R}}}\):
where \(\alpha \) is a complex eigenvalue and \(p\) is a real that represents the deformed parameter. The \(DCSs\) are given by
and we have introduced
The function \(ex{p}_{p}\) is a deformed version of the ordinary exponential function. They become coincident when \(f\) tends to unity. The characteristic function of the deformation is defined by49,50,51
Note that \({{\text{exp}}}_{p}[x]{{\text{exp}}}_{p}[y]\ne {{\text{exp}}}_{p}[x+y]\); i.e., we have a non-extensive exponential that is found in many physical problems. Clearly \(f(k)=1\) when \(p\to 1\) and DCSs become the standard CSs.
We assume that the FLA begins from its ground state \(|4\rangle \) and the quantized field from the DCS. The wave function corresponding to the quantum Hamiltonians (1) and (2) at any time \(T>0\) can be formulated as
where \(T=\lambda t\mathrm{ is the scaled time}\) and the coefficients \({A}_{j}\) are the probability amplitudes, which can be obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation \(i\frac{d}{dT}{|{\text{U}}({\text{T}})\rangle }_{{\text{NC}}}\left({|{\text{U}}({\text{T}})\rangle }_{{\text{CC}}}\right)={\widehat{H}}_{{\text{NC}}}\left({\widehat{H}}_{{\text{CC}}}\right)|U(T)\rangle \) with the initial state \(\left|{\text{U}}\left(0\right)\right.\rangle =|\alpha ,p,4\rangle \). Therefore, the coefficients \({A}_{j}\) obey the following coupled system of ODEs:
where
and
Based on the FLA-field wave function \(|{\text{U}}(T)\rangle \), we can extract the time-dependent properties of various quantum phenomena that are associated with the proposed system. Here, we consider the population inversion, quantum coherence and von Neumann entropy, which depend on the the density matrix elements of \({\rho }^{{\text{FLA}}}(t)\):
Quantum quantifiers and numerical results
In order to display the influence of Kerr medium and deformation of the field on the quantum quantifiers, in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, we show the temporal evolution of the atomic inversion, second-order correlation function, atomic entropy and atomic coherence in both cases of N- and C-configuration.
Population inversion
In the view of quantum optics and information, one of the most important quantities is the population inversion52,53,54,55. This quantity can be utilized to identify the times of collapse and revival that are significant in determining the periods of separable and maximally states. The atomic population inversion of \({\rho }^{{\text{FLA}}}\left(t\right)\) is defined by
In Figs. 2 and 3, we show the time variation of the atomic inversion of the two configurations for various values of \(p\) and \(\chi \). Generally, the dynamical behavior of the atomic inversion function is largely affected by the parameters \(q\) and \(\chi \) as well as the atomic configuration. In the limit of \(p\to 1\) and \(\upchi \to 0\), we obtain that the atomic inversion exhibits oscillations with revival and collapse phenomena. The presence of field deformation (\(p\to 2.5\) and \(\upchi \to 0\)) leads to organize the behavior of \(W\) and enhance its oscillations amplitude during the dynamics. Whereas the existence of the Kerr medium (\(p\to 1\) and \(\upchi \to 0.3\)) leads to decrease the amplitude of oscillations of the function \(W.\) Furthermore, we can mention that the oscillations of the function \(W\) and its amplitudes depend on the N- and C-configuration. When the field deformation and Kerr medium are considered (\(p\to 2.5\) and \(\upchi \to 0.3\)), The function \(W\) randomly oscillates between the excited state and the ground state during the considered interaction period. From these results, we conclude that the deformation of field can enhance the amplitude of oscillations in the atomic inversion and that the presence of the Kerr medium leads to organize the behavior of the measure of the atomic inversion accompanied with a diminution in the oscillations amplitudes.
Nonclassical effects
The second-order correlation function is widely utilized to examine the effects of bunching or antibunching56, which is defined as follows
where \(I\) represents the field intensity with \(:I(t)I(t+\tau ):={R}_{+}^{q}(t){R}_{+}^{q}(t+\tau ){R}^{q}(t+\tau ){R}^{q}(t).\) The function \({g}^{(2)}(\tau )\) is proportional to the detection probability of one photon at the time \(t\) and a second one at \(t+\tau \). \({g}^{(2)}(0)\) is proportional to the detection probability of two photons in the same time. In the case of \({g}^{(2)}(\tau )<{g}^{(2)}(0)\), the detection probability of a second photon after delay time \(\tau \) decreases, which corresponds to the bunching effect. When \({g}^{(2)}(\tau )>{g}^{(2)}(0)\), the detection probability of a second photon increases with the delay time, which corresponds to the antibunching effect. For \({g}^{\left(2\right)}\left(\tau \right)=1,\mathrm{ we have the case of coherent states}. \)Based on the numerical results, we show the effect of the parameters \(q\) and \(\chi \) on the statistical properties for the deformed field. Figures 3 and 4 show the comportment of the function \({g}^{(2)}(0)\) versus the time \({\text{T}}\) for the N- and C-configuration, respectively. Generally, the variation of \({g}^{(2)}(0)\) proves that the field statistical properties can provide a different order with respect to the values of \(p\) and \(\chi \). According to the Figs. 4 and 5, it is visible that \({g}^{(2)}(0)<1\) in the presence of field deformation which mentioned the sub-Poissonian statistics. On the other hand, the existence of Kerr medium leads to enhance classicality of the field indicating the super-Poissonian statistics with \({g}^{\left(2\right)}(0)>1.\)
Quantum entanglement
The entanglement of the FLA–field state can be obtained using the subsystem entropy57,58 and it introduced by
where \({\rho }^{{\text{FLA}}}(T)\) is the atomic density operator given by Eq. (13) and \({e}_{j}\) is the jth eigenvalue of \({\rho }^{{\text{FLA}}}.\)
In Figs. 6 and 7, we show the time variation of the atomic entropy of the both configurations considering various values of the parameters \(p\) and \(\chi \). Generally, the dynamical behavior of the atomic entropy function is widely affected by the parameters \(p\) and \(\chi \) as well as the atomic configuration. Based on the considered conditions, when we neglect the both effects (\(p\to 1\) and \(\upchi \to 0\)), the function \({S}_{FLA}\) increases from its minimum and then tends to exhibit a structure with rapid oscillations, there is a considerable amount of entanglement, as the time evolves. When the deformation effect is considered (\(p\to 2.5\) and \(\upchi \to 0\)), the FLA–field entanglement is subjected to a change with an increase in the oscillations’ amplitude of the von Neumann entropy. We introduce the Kerr medium effect (\(p\to 1\) and \(\upchi \to 0.3\)), the function \({S}_{{\text{FLA}}}\) increase at the beginning of the interaction with oscillates and then decreases during the dynamics. This indicates that the Kerr medium effect has d destructive effect on the amount the FLA-field entanglement as the time becomes significantly large. On the other hand, the presence of the both effect (\(p\to 2.5\) and \(\upchi \to 0.3\)), the function \({S}_{FLA}\) increases form its minimum value and then randomly as the time evolves. From these results, we note that the deformation effect can enhance the amplitude of entropy oscillations and that the presence of the Kerr medium leads to restrain the entanglement as the time becomes significantly large with a diminution in the oscillations amplitudes. Moreover, the amount of entanglement is more important and the resistance to the Kerr effect is greater in the case of cascade-type.
Quantum coherence
The off diagonal elementss of the system density operator determine the basic coherence features. The absolute value of the non-diagonal elements is utilized to determine the quantum coherence through the L norm. The \(L\)-coherence norm is defined as
where \(\mathcal{I}\) is the set of incoherent states. The quantum coherence can be quantified using the concept entropy by considering the distance between the state of interest and the closest incoherent state. The relative entropy can be expressed in terms of the von Neumann entropy as
where \({\rho }_{{\text{diag}}}\) represents the incoherent state. \({C}_{L}\) and \({C}_{R}\) both achieve monotony for all quantum states. In the case of pure state, it is shown that \({C}_{{\text{L}}}\) characterizes the upper bound of \({C}_{R}\).
In Figs. 8 and 9, we have displayed the time variation of the atomic coherence according to the values of the parameters \(p\) and \(\chi \) considering the both configurations. Generally, the dynamical behaviour of the measure of coherence is very sensitive to the nature the quantized field and the Kerr medium, where the coherence measure \({C}_{L}\) oscillates with the time and accompanied by amplitudes and fluctuations that depend on the parameters \(p\) and \(\chi .\) In the limit of \(p\to 1\) and \(\upchi \to 0\), the function \({C}_{L}\) tends to exhibit a structure with rapid oscillations. When the deformation effect is considered (\(p\to 2.5\) and \(\upchi \to 0\)), the atomic coherence is subjected to a change with an increase in the oscillations’ amplitude of the function \({C}_{L}\) during the dynamics. When the Kerr medium effect (\(p\to 1\) and \(\upchi \to 0.3\)) is considered, the function \({C}_{L}\) decreases with the time with less oscillations. This indicates that the Kerr medium effect has d destructive effect on the atomic coherence for the both configurations. When the field deformation and Kerr medium are considered (\(p\to 2.5\) and \(\upchi \to 0.3\)), the function \({C}_{L}\) randomly oscillates, where the Kerr medium parameter has a less impact on the amount of coherence during the dynamics. From these results, we conclude that the deformation of field can enhance the amplitude of oscillations in the atomic coherence and that the presence of the Kerr medium leads to organize the behavior of the measure of the quantum coherence accompanied with a diminution in the oscillations amplitudes.
Conclusion
We have examined quantum entanglement and atomic coherence for a system consisting of a FLA interacted with a nonlinear quantum field. We have assumed that the FLA-field coupling, Kerr medium and quantified field are all \(f\)-deformed with full nonlinear formalism. We have considered N-configuration and cascade (C)-configuration of the FLA. We have explored the impact of field deformation and Kerr medium on the dynamics of the quantumness measures when the quantized field is initially prepared in a DCS without and with Kerr medium effect. Moreover, we have analyzed the statistical properties of the radiation field using the second order correlation function. The results indicated how the considered quantumness measures in the FLA–field system can be manipulated and controlled through the parameters of the quantum model. In quantum information theory and quantum optics, examining the physical characteristics of the field-atom interaction under ideal circumstances is crucial.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Berman, P. R. Cavity quantum electrodynamics. (1994).
Jaynes, E. T. & Cummings, F. W. Comparison of quantum and semiclassical radiation theories with application to the beam maser. Proc. IEEE 51, 89–109 (1963).
Shore, B. W. & Knight, P. L. The Jaynes-cummings model. J. Mod. Opt. 40, 1195–1238 (1993).
Fakhri, H. & Sayyah-Fard, M. The Jaynes Cummings model of a two-level atom in a single-mode para-Bose cavity field. Sci. Rep. 11, 22861 (2021).
Wang, Y. et al. Squeezing enhanced atom cavity interaction in coupled cavities with high dissipation rates. Annalen der Physik 531, 1900220 (2019).
Momenabadi, F. M., et al. Stable entanglement in a quadripartite cavity optomechanics. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 136, 1–11 (2021).
Miry, S. R., Mohammad K. T., Roknizadeh, R. Generation of some entangled states of the cavity field. Quant. Inf. Proc. 14, 593–606 (2015).
Cai, M.-L. et al. Observation of a quantum phase transition in the quantum Rabi model with a single trapped ion. Nat. Commun. 12, 1126 (2021).
Moller, C. Dissipative Rabi model in the dispersive regime. Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 033046 (2020).
Short, R. & Mandel, L. Observation of sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 384 (1983).
Franco, R., et al. Single-shot generation and detection of a two-photon generalized binomial state in a cavity. Phys. Rev. A 74, 045803 (2006).
Filipowicz, P. et al. A testing ground for quantum electrodynamics. Opt. Act. 32, 1105 (1985).
Baghshahi, H. R. & Tavassoly, M. K. Dynamics of different entanglement measures of two three-level atoms interacting nonlinearly with a single-mode field. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 130, 1–13 (2015).
Anwar, S. Jamal, et al. Decoherence effects on quantum Fisher information for moving two four-level atoms in the presence of Stark effect and Kerr-like medium. Eur. Phys. J. D 75, 235 (2021).
Mahnaz, G., Safari, H. & Faghihi. M. J. Controlling the entanglement of a Λ-type atom in a bimodal cavity via atomic motion. JOSA B 33, 1022–1029 (2016).
Raffah, B. et al. Interaction of a three-level atom and a field with a time-varying frequency in the context of triangular well potentials: An exact treatment. Chaos Solitons Fractals 139, 109784 (2020).
Khalil, E. M. et al. "Entanglement and entropy squeezing in the system of two qubits interacting with a two-mode field in the context of power low potentials. Sci. Rep. 10, 19600 (2020).
Mohamed, A-B. A. & Khalil. E. M. Effect of Stark shift on nonlocal correlation of two atoms in a cavity containing a parametric amplifier and a Kerr like medium. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 135, 1–11 (2020).
Mahnaz, G., Faghihi, M. J. & Safari, H. Wigner function and entanglement dynamics of a two-atom two-mode nonlinear Jaynes-Cummings model. JOSA B 34, 1884–1893 (2017).
Naderi, M. H. The Jaynes Cummings model beyond the rotating-wave approximation as an intensity-dependent model: Quantum statistical and phase properties. J. Phys. A Math. Theor. 44, 055304 (2011).
Klimov, A. B. & Chumakov, S. M. A group-theoretical approach to quantum optics: models of atom-field interactions (John Wiley & Sons, 2009).
Walther, H. Experiments on cavity quantum electrodynamics. Phys. Rep. 219, 263–281 (1992).
Mark, F. & Onofrio, R. On the measurement of a weak classical force coupled to a harmonic oscillator: Experimental progress. Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 755 (1996).
Roberta, Z., et al. Quantum fluctuations in a continuous vectorial Kerr cavity model. (International Quantum Electronics Conference. Optica Publishing Group, 2000).
Mauro, P., Kim, M. S. & Ham, B. S. Generation of entangled coherent states via cross-phase-modulation in a double electromagnetically induced transparency regime. Phys. Rev. A 67, 023811 (2003).
David, V., Fortunato M., & Tombesi, P. Complete quantum teleportation with a Kerr nonlinearity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 445 (2000).
Hai, W., Goorskey, D. & Min, X. "Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity via atomic coherence in a three-level atomic system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 073601 (2001).
Asadpour, S. H. et al. Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity via quantum interference from spontaneous emission. Phys. Lett. A 376, 147–152 (2012).
Khoa, D. X., Son, D. H. & Bang, N. H. Enhancement of self-Kerr nonlinearity via electromagnetically induced transparency in a five-level cascade system: An analytical approach. JOSA b 31, 1330–1334 (2014).
Faghihi, M. J. Generalized photon added and subtracted f-deformed displaced Fock states. Ann. der Phys. 532, 2000215 (2020).
Sedlacek, J. A. et al. Nat. Phys. 8, 819 (2012).
Holloway, C. L. et al. IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop. 62, 12 (2014).
Giner, L. et al. Experimental investigation of the transition between Autler-Townes splitting and electromagnetically-induced-transparency models. Phys. Rev. A 87, 013823 (2013).
Lazoudis, A. et al. Electromagnetically induced transparency in an open V-type molecular system. Phys. Rev. A 83, 063419 (2011).
Tanasittikosol, M. et al. Microwave dressing of Rydberg dark states. Atmos. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44, 184020 (2011).
Sedlacek, J. A., Schwettman, A., Kubler, H. & Shaffer, J. P. Atom-based vector microwave electrometry using rubidium Rydberg atoms in a vapor cell. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 063001 (2013).
Holloway, C. L. et al. Sub-wavelength imaging and field mapping via electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes splitting in Rydberg atoms. App. Phys. Lett. 104, 244102 (2014).
Levenson, M. D. & Bloembergen, N. Observation of two-photon absorption without doppler broadening on the 3 S−5 S transition in sodium vapor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 645 (1974).
Gilson, J. R. & Hedra, P. J. Laser Raman spectroscopy (John Wiley, 1970).
Dalton, B. J., Kieu, T. D. & Knight, P. L. Theory of ultra-high-resolution optical Raman Ramsey spectroscopy. Opt. Acta. 33, 459 (1986).
Radmore, P. M. & Knight, P. L. Population trapping and dispersion in a three-level system. J. Phys. B 15, 561 (1982).
Kimble, H. J., Mezzacapa, A. & Milonni, P. W. Time dependence of photon correlations in a three-level atomic cascade. Phys. Rev. A 31, 3686 (1985).
Taichenachev, A. V., Tumaikin, A. M. & Yudin, V. I. Electromagnetically induced absorption in a four-state system. Phys. Rev. A 61, 011802 (1999).
Kang, H. & Zhu, Y. Observation of large Kerr nonlinearity at low light intensities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 093601 (2003).
Sinclair, G. F. & Korolkova, N. Effective cross-Kerr Hamiltonian for a nonresonant four-level atom. Phys. Rev. A 77, 033843 (2008).
Scotto, S., Ciampini, D., Rizzo, C. & Arimondo, E. Four-level N-scheme crossover resonances in Rb saturation spectroscopy in magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. A 92, 063810 (2015).
Rawat, H. S., Dubey, S. K. & Ojha, V. N. Distinction between double electromagnetically induced transparency and double Autler-Townes splitting in RF-driven four-level ladder 87Rb atomic vapor. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 51, 155401 (2018).
Abdel-Khalek, S. & Abdel-Wahab, N. H. Dynamics of entanglement between moving four-level atom and single mode cavity field. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50, 562 (2011).
Algarni, M., Berrada, K., Abdel-Khalek, S. & Eleuch, H. Parity deformed tavis-cummings model: Entanglement, parameter estimation and statistical properties. Mathematics 10, 3051 (2022).
Berrada, K., El Baz, M. & Hassouni, Y. On the construction of generalized su (1, 1) coherent states. Rep. Math. Phys. 68, 23–35 (2011).
Berrada, K. & Hassouni, Y. Maximal entanglement of bipartite spin states in the context of quantum algebra. Eur. Phys. J. D 61, 513–521 (2011).
Olaya-Castro, A., Johnson, N. F. & Quiroga, L. Scheme for on-resonance generation of entanglement in time-dependent asymmetric two-qubit-cavity systems. Phys. Rev. A 70, 020301 (2004).
Yang, Y. P., Xu, J. P., Li, G. X. & Chen, H. Interactions of a two-level atom and a field with a time-varying frequency. Phys. Rev. A 69, 053406 (2004).
Zurek, W. H. Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 715 (2003).
Wen-Long, Y., Yimin, W., Tian-Cheng, Yi., Chengjie, Z. & Oles Andrzej, M. Quantum coherence in a compass chain under an alternating magnetic field. Phys. Rev. B 97, 224420 (2018).
Gerry, C. & Knight, P. L. Introductory quantum optics (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
von Neumann, J. Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, 1955).
Phoenix, S. J. & Knight, P. L. Fluctuations and entropy in models of quantum optical resonance. Ann. Phys. 186, 381 (1988).
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for funding this work under the General Research Funding program grant code (NU/DRP/SERC/12/12). We acknowledge enlightening discussions with A. Sabik that improve the manuscript in many aspects during the revision.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
S.A. and K.B. wrote the manuscript. H.E. and S.A.-K. reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Almalki, S., Berrada, K., Abdel-Khalek, S. et al. Interaction of a four-level atom with a quantized field in the presence of a nonlinear Kerr medium. Sci Rep 14, 1141 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51649-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51649-9
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.