Graphene articles within Nature Communications

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  • Article
    | Open Access

    The nanostructuration of graphene by catalytic cutting using iron oxide nanoparticles leads to the formation of well-defined trenches and tunnels. Here, the authors use electron microscopy to investigate this process in three dimensions and to gain insight into the formation and nature of these nanostructures.

    • G. Melinte
    • , I. Florea
    •  & O. Ersen

  • Article
    | Open Access

    Direct visualization of graphene growth is highly desired, though, extremely high growth rates during chemical vapour deposition make atomic resolution analysis infeasible. Here, Liu et al. report the visualization of the in situin-plane growth of graphene in a scanning transmission electron microscope.

    • Zheng Liu
    • , Yung-Chang Lin
    •  & Kazu Suenaga

  • Article
    | Open Access

    Observing the movement of defects through a crystal lattice in real time presents significant difficulties. Here, the authors use an ultra-high vacuum and low-voltage scanning transmission microscope setup to observe the migration of a divacancy defect in real time through graphene.

    • Jani Kotakoski
    • , Clemens Mangler
    •  & Jannik C. Meyer

  • Article |

    Attempts have been made in flowing liquids over carbon nanomaterials to generate electric voltages, but a convincing or significant voltage is yet to be obtained. Here, Yin et al.show an electrokinetic process in which an electric potential of 0.1 V is generated in graphene by a moving liquid–gas boundary.

    • Jun Yin
    • , Zhuhua Zhang
    •  & Wanlin Guo

  • Article |

    While the intrinsic strength of graphene has previously been demonstrated to be high, the fracture toughness remains unknown. Here, the authors perform in situtesting of graphene in a scanning electron microscope and report a critical stress intensity factor of ~4.0 MPa√m.

    • Peng Zhang
    • , Lulu Ma
    •  & Jun Lou

  • Article |

    Measuring local intrinsic ripples in freestanding graphene is difficult, and typically methods are limited to static configurations. Here the authors describe a scanning tunnelling microscope approach that focuses on areas of one square angstrom, giving detailed measurements over long time periods.

    • P. Xu
    • , M. Neek-Amal
    •  & F. M. Peeters

  • Article |

    The use of metallic lithium electrodes in batteries would lead to dendritic growth problems. Here, Mukherjee et al.use porous graphene electrodes to entrap lithium metal at defect sites, achieving much improved specific capacities over extended cycling.

    • Rahul Mukherjee
    • , Abhay V. Thomas
    •  & Nikhil Koratkar

  • Article |

    Graphene is known to display unique functional properties due to its two-dimensional structure. Here, the authors measure the thermal conductivity of suspended graphene as a function of sample length, finding that thermal conductivity is higher in longer samples as a result of two-dimensional phonons.

    • Xiangfan Xu
    • , Luiz F. C. Pereira
    •  & Barbaros Özyilmaz

  • Article |

    The absence of a bandgap and competing phonon-induced electron-hole recombination makes extraction of charge carriers difficult in graphene. Here, the authors show theoretically that a tunable bandgap can be introduced in graphene via Landau quantization, allowing for significant carrier multiplication.

    • Florian Wendler
    • , Andreas Knorr
    •  & Ermin Malic

  • Article |

    Determining graphene domain size and distribution is important for realizing functional electronic devices. Here, the authors use liquid crystals to study graphene surfaces, via the liquid crystal molecules aligning with the domains, and use nematic to smectic transitions to study defects.

    • Jong-Ho Son
    • , Seung-Jae Baeck
    •  & Jong-Hyun Ahn

  • Article
    | Open Access

    Although superconductivity hasn't been observed in a sheet of graphene it is found in metal intercalated graphite. A high-resolution ARPES study of CaC6 conducted by Yang et al.provides strong clues as to the origin of superconductivity in these compounds and of ways to induce superconductivity in graphene.

    • S.-L. Yang
    • , J. A. Sobota
    •  & Z.-X. Shen

  • Article |

    Graphene is often used as parts of electrodes in batteries and stacking of graphene layers is problematic. Here, Zhao et al.synthesize graphene on mesoporous layered double oxide flakes so that the stacking is effectively prevented, and show high-rate performance when used in Li–S batteries.

    • Meng-Qiang Zhao
    • , Qiang Zhang
    •  & Fei Wei

  • Article |

    Fabrication of large-scale monolithic graphene oxide is desirable in realising future devices. Here, the authors report a physical process for synthesizing monolithic graphene oxide sheets on copper foil from solid carbon.

    • Jae Hwan Chu
    • , Jinsung Kwak
    •  & Soon-Yong Kwon

  • Article |

    Graphene photodetectors to date have been based on field effect transistor structures and not suitable for large-scale devices. Here, the authors report an all-graphene photodetector composed of chemical vapour deposition graphene, which displays a photoresponsivity of up to 1.0 A W−1.

    • Chang Oh Kim
    • , Sung Kim
    •  & Euyheon Hwang

  • Article |

    Theory predicts that graphene nanoribbons with width less than 2 nm exhibit bandgaps comparable to silicon, but the fabrication is challenging. Vo et al.report a bottom–up approach to synthesize bulk quantities of these materials with a bandgap of ~1.3 eV, potentially useful for electronic devices.

    • Timothy H. Vo
    • , Mikhail Shekhirev
    •  & Alexander Sinitskii

  • Article |

    It has been suggested that it might be possible to induce superconductivity in graphene by increasing the electron–phonon coupling through doping. A systematic ARPES study conducted by Fedorov et al.finds that all donor atoms induce an unexpected vibrational mode, with the strongest generated by calcium.

    • A. V. Fedorov
    • , N. I. Verbitskiy
    •  & A. Grüneis

  • Article |

    Graphene transistors are attractive for many applications but making integrated circuits without degrading their characteristics is proving challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate a radio frequency integrated receiver using a graphene-last approach compatible with conventional processing methods.

    • Shu-Jen Han
    • , Alberto Valdes Garcia
    •  & Wilfried Haensch

  • Article |

    Defects are known to affect the mechanical properties of materials. Here, the authors find that sp3-type defects in graphene have a negligible effect on stiffness and cause only a slight reduction in failure strength, while vacancy-type defects are much more degrading.

    • Ardavan Zandiatashbar
    • , Gwan-Hyoung Lee
    •  & Nikhil Koratkar

  • Article |

    The local coordination of the edge atoms of graphene may affect its electronic or magnetic properties. Here the authors experimentally demonstrate that non-functionalized graphene edges can exist in vacuum, contrary to some previous theoretical predictions

    • Kuang He
    • , Gun-Do Lee
    •  & Jamie H. Warner

  • Article |

    Pressure-driven ultrafiltration membranes are important for industrial and environmental applications. Here, the authors describe nanochannelled graphene oxide membranes, fabricated via a copper hydroxide nanostrand templating approach and evaluate their performance in water purification processes.

    • Hubiao Huang
    • , Zhigong Song
    •  & Xinsheng Peng

  • Article
    | Open Access

    Three-dimensional graphene offers an ideal sheet-to-sheet connectivity of assembled graphenes, but often suffers from poor electrochemical performance. Wang et al. present a sugar-blowing technique to prepare a 3D graphene, which overcomes such problems and shows potential in supercapacitor applications.

    • Xuebin Wang
    • , Yuanjian Zhang
    •  & Yoshio Bando

  • Article |

    Coal is widely used for energy generation, but has not been considered for possible functional materials. Here, the authors report the one-step formation of graphene quantum dots from coal at yields of up to 20%, which is advantageous when compared with their syntheses from sp2-type carbon structures.

    • Ruquan Ye
    • , Changsheng Xiang
    •  & James M. Tour

  • Article |

    The two-dimensional structure of graphene is known to impart high strength, but can be hard to synthesize without grain boundaries. Here, the authors find that strength increases with grain boundary mismatch, which results from low atomic-scale strain in the carbon–carbon bonds at the boundary.

    • Haider I. Rasool
    • , Colin Ophus
    •  & James K. Gimzewski

  • Article |

    The integration of graphene with silver offers the promise of combining the electronic and plasmonic properties of both materials. Here, Kiraly et al.achieve the growth of graphene on a silver substrate, with the graphene electronic structure only minimally affected by the silver.

    • Brian Kiraly
    • , Erin V. Iski
    •  & Nathan P. Guisinger

  • Article |

    Attempts to observe new phenomena in graphene–superconductor hybrid devices have been hindered by the poor quality of the junctions formed. Suspended graphene Josephson junctions that exhibit superlative transport characteristics fabricated by Mizuno et al.could be the solution to this problem.

    • Naomi Mizuno
    • , Bent Nielsen
    •  & Xu Du

  • Article |

    The intercalation of graphene can result in many attractive functional properties. Here, the authors study the mechanism of caesium intercalation of graphene, finding that it nucleates at wrinkles on the graphene surface and is influenced by van der Waals interactions.

    • M. Petrović
    • , I. Šrut Rakić
    •  & M. Kralj

  • Article |

    The atomic structure of graphene edges is critical in determining their physical and chemical properties, but they are typically far from ideal. Here, the authors fabricate atomically perfect graphene edges via electron beam mechanical rupture or tearing in high vacuum conditions.

    • Kwanpyo Kim
    • , Sinisa Coh
    •  & A. Zettl

  • Article |

    The alloying of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride results in tunable electronic properties that can be used for solid state devices. Lu et al. identify atomic-scale mechanisms of alloying boron–carbon–nitrogen on ruthenium as a model system, which allow for potentially greater control of properties.

    • Jiong Lu
    • , Kai Zhang
    •  & Kian Ping Loh

  • Article |

    Graphene nanopores hold great potential for single-molecule DNA screening; however, pore clogging due to hydrophobic interactions is a severe problem. Schneider et al. show that this can be prevented by non-covalently coating graphene with an ultrathin hydrophilic self-assembled monolayer.

    • Grégory F. Schneider
    • , Qiang Xu
    •  & Cees Dekker

  • Article
    | Open Access

    The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene-based biosensors depends on attaching various functional groups to graphene. Hirtz et al. use dip-pen nanolithography to directly write phospholipid membranes on graphene, which enables multiplexed and heterogeneous non-covalent functionalization.

    • Michael Hirtz
    • , Antonios Oikonomou
    •  & Aravind Vijayaraghavan

  • Article |

    Photoreduction is a promising method for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, but the dynamics of the process are unclear. Here, the authors explore the process via a pump–probe technique, revealing its ultrafast nature and the involvement of solvated electrons produced by irradiation of the solvent.

    • Régis Y. N. Gengler
    • , Daniel S. Badali
    •  & R. J. Dwayne Miller

  • Article
    | Open Access

    Carbon nanotubes can be considered as rolled-up small sheets of graphene. Here Lim and colleagues demonstrate this process, by fabricating carbon nanotubes through a thermally induced process of self-intertwining of graphene nanoribbons.

    • Hong En Lim
    • , Yasumitsu Miyata
    •  & Hisanori Shinohara

  • Article |

    Josephson junctions composed of graphene are limited by incomplete gate control of the supercurrent, impeding their development for superconducting quantum devices. Here, the authors fabricate bipolar Josephson junctions of graphene, allowing supercurrent on/off switching through electrostatic gating.

    • Jae-Hyun Choi
    • , Gil-Ho Lee
    •  & Hu-Jong Lee

  • Article
    | Open Access

    Micro-supercapacitors offer the advantage of high power density over lithium batteries and high energy density over electric capacitors, but integration of these advantages is yet to be achieved. Wu et al. develop a graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitor with ultrahigh power and energy densities.

    • Zhong–Shuai Wu
    • , Khaled Parvez
    •  & Klaus Müllen

  • Article
    | Open Access

    Van der Waals interactions have a large influence on phenomena that occur at short-length scales. Gobre et al.demonstrate that van der Waals interactions in low-dimensional materials act at very large distances, and can significantly influence the self-assembly of nanostructured systems.

    • Vivekanand V. Gobre
    •  & Alexandre Tkatchenko

  • Article |

    Exploiting the optics-like dynamics of low-energy electronic excitations in graphene requires the challenging combination of ballistic transport and complex gating. Here the fabrication and characterization of suspended graphene p–njunctions is reported, paving the way for future electron optics experiments.

    • Peter Rickhaus
    • , Romain Maurand
    •  & Christian Schönenberger

  • Article |

    Indium tin oxide, the predominant material used as transparent electrodes in organic LEDs, is expensive and brittle. Ning Li and colleagues form transparent electrodes using single-layer graphene to construct organic LEDs with unprecedented performance that are suitable for both displays and lighting.

    • Ning Li
    • , Satoshi Oida
    •  & Tze-Chiang Chen

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