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In addition to surgical transurethral resection of the bladder tumour, intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C (MMC) is commonly used for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In this Review, approaches to optimizing MMC therapy through enhanced delivery, as well as maintenance and/or combination treatment regimens, are discussed.
Although multiple systemic treatment options are available for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer, there is a paucity of data regarding optimal sequencing of these drugs. A recent study suggests that cabazitaxel exerts antitumour activity in men who have been pretreated with docetaxel and abiraterone or enzalutamide.
A newly published randomized controlled trial shows that pelvic floor muscle training can significantly reduce prolapse symptoms compared with provision of a prolapse lifestyle advice leaflet and no muscle training. However, the important role of surgery in the treatment of these women must be taken into account.
Epidemiological studies suggest that the prevalence of prostate cancer in Asian men is lower than the rates observed in Asian populations resident in Western countries and in native Western individuals. Conversely, the proportion of prostate cancer cases that are metastatic seems to be higher in Asian countries. In this Review, these trends and the factors that might underlie them, particularly the influence of screening programmes, are comprehensively discussed.
Over the past decade, laser techniques have become an established alternative to transurethral resection for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction. Rieken and Bachmann provide a comprehensive, evidence-based overview of laser treatment, including the physical properties of lasers that lend themselves to prostatic surgery and the clinical differences between the techniques.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is used for tumour staging of many cancers. In new research, a fluorescent, radiolabelled tracer gave equivalent radiographic localization and improved visualization of sentinel nodes in penile cancer, compared with current standard tracers, but technical and financial considerations could influence its widespread use.
A lack of evidence exists regarding the role of nonsystemic treatments for men with metastatic prostate cancer. According to a recently published series of patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis, primary tumour treatment could improve rates of patient survival.