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This Review discusses the role of dietary fats and carbohydrates in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies on the dietary habits of patients with NAFLD, and the effect on liver fat accumulation of altering dietary macronutrients, are also reviewed.
In this Review, the authors describe the biology of IL-6 family cytokines relevant to metabolism, liver disease and gastrointestinal disease, and discuss the potential of IL-6 family members as therapeutic agents in these areas.
In this Review, Neurath discusses the implications of COVID-19 on immunosuppressive and biologic therapies as well as those of vaccination in gastrointestinal contexts such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis and liver transplantation.
This Review describes how functional genetic screens can shed light on various outstanding questions in liver cancer biology, including which genes can drive hepatocarcinogenesis, how to improve the efficacy of existing therapies and how to find novel therapeutic targets for liver cancer.
Pancreatic cancer is typically diagnosed at a late stage and early detection is a priority. This Review focuses on precancerous lesions of the pancreas, describing their pathological and molecular features and highlighting different DNA-based molecular approaches for early detection and their clinical utility.
Vast developments are being made within the field of pancreatic cancer genomics. This Review discusses the wide-ranging and most current research with the goal of integrating this information into a unifying description of the life history of pancreatic cancer.
Increasing levels of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori are a serious threat to human health globally. This Review discusses H. pylori infection and antibiotic resistance, and provides insights into the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications (including detection and management).
This Review explores how the gut microbiota acts as a driver and regulator of host circadian rhythms and metabolism, highlighting its unique role in transducing dietary cues. Key determinants of microbial oscillations and insights into microbial control of chronometabolism are discussed.
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. This Review outlines the current knowledge of established pancreatic cancer risk factors, including lifestyle and inherited risk factors.
Chemokines have an important role in liver diseases such as alcohol-associated liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This Review describes the regulation of chemokines in the liver, their roles in liver diseases and the potential therapeutic targets.
This Review describes the evidence of an association and causal link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), discusses their pathophysiological mechanisms and summarizes the pharmacological treatments that might benefit or adversely affect the risk of T2DM or NAFLD progression.
Immunotherapeutic interventions might be effective tools for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. This Review provides up-to-date information on the clinical use of currently available immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma, the mechanisms of response and resistance, and the therapeutic strategies under development.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling has important roles in the intestine. In this Review, Stockinger, Shah and Wincent discuss AHR regulation, its role in various intestinal cell types and in intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a unique tumour microenvironment. Notably, PDAC can reprogramme metabolism in response to this microenvironment. This Review discusses metabolism in pancreatic cancer, including insights into mechanisms and processes as well as the potential therapeutic applications.
Enteric glia regulate homeostasis in the enteric nervous system and influence gastrointestinal function. This Review provides an update on enteric glial biology and the underlying mechanisms by which enteric glia regulate gastrointestinal function and disease, with a focus on neuronal and immune interactions.
Evidence suggests that ileal Crohn’s disease is distinct from colonic Crohn’s disease on a multitude of layers. This Review provides a structured overview of this evidence and its implications for clinical decision-making.
This Review provides mechanistic and clinical insights into COVID-19 in the context of liver disease, discussing the potential underlying biology and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with pre-existing liver conditions. The management of these patients is also discussed, including SARS-CoV-2 vaccination strategies.
Oesophageal cancer is a global health problem with two main histological subtypes, oesophageal adenocarcinoma and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. This Review establishes the current epidemiology of oesophageal cancer, with a particular focus on the increasing incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett oesophagus.
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) form the wall of the hepatic sinusoids and have essential roles in hepatic homeostasis. This Review describes the phenotypic dysregulations of LSECs in the context of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and provides an update of the role of LSECs as therapeutic targets.
The therapeutic pipeline for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is expanding as insights into disease pathophysiology are gained. This Review summarizes progress in the development of NASH therapies, current and ongoing clinical trials, and potential challenges with emerging therapies.
