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Continuous glucose monitoring systems provide dynamic measurements of interstitial glucose levels, enabling patients with diabetes mellitus to act preemptively to reduce glycemic variability. The authors of this Viewpoint discuss the advantages of continuous glucose-monitoring systems over self-monitoring of blood glucose, as well factors that limit its availability and success.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely useed method for identifying malignant thyroid nodules. The main limitation of FNAC is the relatively high number of non-diagnostic specimens. The author of this Viewpoint suggests that the use of a stylet needle remarkably improves the diagnostic performance of FNAC and reduces health care costs.
Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by an elevated TSH level in the presence of thyroid hormone levels within the population-based normal range. Debate continues as to whether individuals with subclinical hyperthyroidism require treatment with levothyroxine. The author of this Viewpoint argues in favor of such therapy, particularly for women of reproductive age.
Abnormalities in hypothalamic–pituitary axis function frequently occur in cancer survivors following prophylactic or therapeutic cranial irradiation. Growth hormone deficiency is particularly prevalent, even after low radiation doses. The author of this Review provides an overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of radiation-induced hypopituitarism and describes strategies for effective diagnosis and patient care.
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is a consequence of inappropriate and unregulated secretion of insulin by pancreatic β-cells. This Review provides an overview of the known genetic and nonhereditary causes and various clinical presentations of this condition, and discusses how advances in imaging and laparoscopic surgery have transformed its clinical management.
From middle-age onwards, men experience a characteristic decline in circulating total and free testosterone levels. These hormonal changes are associated with negative health outcomes, although the direction of causation is still uncertain. This Review discusses risk factors associated with age-related androgen deficiency, therapeutic approaches and possible preventive measures.
