Reviews & Analysis

Two maternal cardiometabolic disorders, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), affect many pregnant individuals worldwide. This Review discusses the global disease burden and risk factors for HDP and GDM and discusses public health interventions that might help reduce the associated mortality and morbidity.

Organoids are a promising tool for modelling diseases in vitro. This Review discusses the progress in developing liver and adipose tissue organoids to study metabolic diseases such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and assesses the strengths and limitations of these systems.

Endometrial diseases affect many women yet often have unclear pathogenesis and no definitive treatment. This Review assesses the current systems for modelling endometrial diseases in vitro and outlines future directions for these model systems.

This Review discusses how redefining the primary aldosteronism syndrome as a multidimensional spectrum will affect the approach to the diagnosis and subtyping of primary aldosteronism.

Patients with obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction exhibit dysregulation in iron homeostasis and alterations in gut microbiota composition and functionality. This Review discusses the bidirectional relationships between the host and the microbiota in the acquisition of elemental iron and the implications for glucose metabolism.

Primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PBMAH) is an adrenal cause of Cushing syndrome. This Review outlines recent progress in understanding the genetics of PBMAH.

Rare monogenic obesity is caused by pathogenic variants in single genes, while common obesity mostly has a polygenic basis. This Review discusses genetic obesity traits, the emergence of novel pharmacological treatment options that target the central melanocortin pathway and future innovative therapies.

Diabetes mellitus or obesity during pregnancy can cause fetal hypoxia, resulting in reduced fetal growth. This Review discusses the metabolic causes of fetal hypoxia in pregnancies with diabetes mellitus and/or obesity and the fetal adaptations to this oxygen deficit.

This Review outlines the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients who have undergone liver transplantation for prior NASH-related cirrhosis (recurrent) or other liver indications (de novo).

Menopause can increase the risk of diabetes mellitus, while existing diabetes mellitus can cause early menopause. This Review discusses the interaction of diabetes mellitus and the menopause, including therapeutic management strategies for both conditions.

The actions of growth hormone (GH) on growth and many other processes are well-described. This Review highlights clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GH deficiency, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.

This article discusses X chromosome agents of sexual differentiation. These agents could explain some of the sex differences in incidence and severity of particular diseases.

This article discusses evidence for the emergence of a different set of complications associated with diabetes mellitus from the traditional ones, outlines the risks and burden of these associated complications and considers implications for the future management of diabetes mellitus.

This Review highlights evidence that persistent enterovirus infections, particularly coxsackievirus B, trigger and/or accelerate islet autoimmunity in susceptible individuals, thereby leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The potential for vaccination or antiviral therapies to prevent T1DM onset is also considered.

Menopause affects roughly half of the global population, yet many affected people do not receive the treatment they need. This Review discusses currently available menopausal hormonal therapies and novel pharmaceutical alternatives to manage menopausal symptoms.

Glucocorticoid therapies are widely used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet these drugs induce adverse metabolic effects. This Review highlights new insights into mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and discusses current and future therapeutic options.

This Review considers the principal regulators of the processes of biomineralization and crystallization in human physiology. In addition, disorders of biomineralization are discussed, including bone disorders and disorders of extraskeletal mineralization.

Macrophages in the liver can undergo phenotypic changes during metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This Review discusses our current understanding of the changes in the proportions and functions of liver macrophage populations in health and NAFLD.

This Review discusses the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and in the regulation of body weight in humans. How epigenetics might help the development of precision medicine is outlined.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing substantially in India and China. This Review discusses the epidemiology, phenotypes and pathogenesis of T2DM in India and China and evaluates options for optimal pharmacological management.