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Exercise training can induce robust changes in mitochondria that are beneficial for a range of metabolic health outcomes. However, a recent study suggests there might be an upper limit to the amount of high-intensity training that can be tolerated before disruptions to mitochondrial function and whole-body metabolic homeostasis occur.
More than 7,000 clinical trials are currently ongoing involving new drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This Review summarizes the novel drugs in development for T2DM that improve insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion or the incretin axis, or suppress hepatic glucose production.
Several shared mechanisms govern the development of bone and teeth. This Review summarizes these shared pathways and discusses the disorders that are related to both bone and teeth.
Obesity is linked to dysregulated cellular energetics in neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells in the tumour microenvironment. Here, Brown discusses the interdependence of metabolic pathways of oestrogen production in breast tissue and the obesity-related mechanisms that promote breast cancer growth.
Cardiometabolic conditions, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, are associated with severe COVID-19 and long COVID. Interventions to target multiple risk factors, combined with use of novel glucose-lowering agents that improve metabolic function and the key processes that are impaired in COVID-19, should be the preferred therapeutic options for management of people with long COVID.
Optoacoustic imaging enables the non-invasive and label-free imaging of the structure and function of organs, tissues and cells. This Review highlights key progress with optoacoustic imaging technology for applications in endocrinology and metabolism, with a specific focus on multispectral optoacoustic tomography and raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now an established cornerstone of cancer therapeutics; however, ICIs are associated with toxicities in various organs, termed immune-related adverse events. This Review highlights current understanding in ICI-induced endocrinopathies, including epidemiology, aetiology, clinical manifestations and approaches to treatment.
Limited pharmacological treatments for uterine leiomyomata (fibroids) are available. Now, two phase III trials lasting 24 weeks showed marked reduction in leiomyoma-related heavy menstrual bleeding with relugolix, a new orally active gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist with add-back oestrogen (to limit bone loss) and progestin (to limit endometrial changes from unopposed oestrogen).
Understanding mineralized tissues, such as bone and cartilage, in health and disease requires a thorough knowledge of their structures. This Perspective proposes a new imaging and characterization strategy for mineralized tissue research that utilizes focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy.