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In this Review, the authors discuss the clinical features of patients with sporadic pituitary adenomas that are associated withAIP or MEN1mutations, and discuss the molecular mechanisms potentially involved in pituitary adenoma tumorigenesis. They also discuss genetic screening of patients with sporadic pituitary adenomas and investigations of relatives of these patients who also have the same genetic mutations.
Collectively known as the thyroid transcription factors (TTFs), expression of NKX2-1, FOXE1, PAX8 and HHEX is essential for normal development and maintenance of the adult thyroid gland. In this Review, the authors discuss the roles of each of TTFs in the developing and adult thyroid gland, as well as in non-thyroid tissues. Mutations in the genes encoding TTFs can result in a spectrum of phenotypes, such as thyroid dysgenesis and thyroid cancer, which are also addressed.
Availability of longitudinal data on the evolution of thyroid nodules and how this progression is influenced by changes in iodine intake is limited. A systematic 11-year follow-up study in Danish adults offers new insights into the relationships between thyroid nodularity, age and iodine intake.
Shortening of leukocyte telomeres is considered a molecular marker for ageing and is suggested to be linked with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. A large population-based study with 6 years of follow-up by Révész and colleagues reveals that short telomeres, at both baseline and during follow-up, are associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities.
In this Review, the authors explore the interactions between obesity, haematopoiesis and the immune system through systemic effects and changes to the primary haematopoietic environment—the bone marrow niche. They also discuss the effects of adipocytes and adiposity on haematopoietic stem cell and progenitor cell populations, with the goal of understanding how obesity might compromise the core haematopoietic system.
Despite the availability of a wide range of different dietary strategies for weight loss, unhealthy weight gain and obesity are growing problems. This Review discusses the efficacy of changes in dietary macronutrient content for healthy weight loss and weight management. The underlying causes of interindividual variations in response to the same dietary approach are also discussed and the feasibility and potential implications of personalized weight loss strategies is considered.