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A study of nearly one million people who underwent a CT scan before 22 years of age finds that the radiation from CT scans increased the risk of hematological malignancies in a dose-dependent manner. These findings highlight the continued need to justify CT scans and minimize radiation doses.
The prevalence of aneuploid cells in miscarried human embryos is higher than previously quoted. Genomic imbalances seem to be less tolerated in the embryoblast than the trophoblast, which indicates that allocation of aneuploid cells to the inner cell mass during blastocyst formation might have a detrimental effect on embryo development.
We find that people with non-suppressible human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viremia despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibit several distinguishing features. These include expanded CD4+ T cell clones containing HIV proviruses integrated into transcriptionally permissive regions, the presence of certain proviral defects or human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-escape mutations, enhanced survival signatures, and muted interferon and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses.
New data show that AI could enhance imaging-based screening for pancreatic cancer; however, its evaluation must be rigorous and adhere to the same standards used for conventional screening.
A phase 1 trial of an IRAK4-targeted protein degrader in patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases hits an important milestone for the safe application of this drug class beyond oncology.
The induction of neutralizing antibodies is the main goal of an HIV-1 vaccine, although data on the longevity of such antibodies is lacking. By tracking neutralizing antibodies in a large cohort of individuals infected with HIV-1 who had varying viral loads, we show that the HIV-1 neutralization response can last for several years even at low antigen levels.
Two modelling studies offer compelling evidence that less-than-perfect adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis can still provide reasonable protection for cisgender women — providing optimism for a more person-centered approach and lower discontinuation rates.
This Review explores how research coproduction with Indigenous peoples is evolving; it discusses the challenges and complexities and makes recommendations for researchers wishing to pursue coproduction with Indigenous peoples in responsive and effective ways.
Epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord alleviated freezing-of-gait and other postural impairments in a patient with Parkinson’s disease, potentially addressing an unmet need and offering an exciting new avenue for therapy.
A new approach that combines CAR T cells with serial mRNA vaccine injections facilitates robust anti-neoplastic activity in patients with genitourinary cancers, which will pave the way for a promising new targeted treatment strategy.
By analyzing human samples and multiple mouse models of Huntington’s disease, we found that complement proteins and microglia mediate early and selective loss of corticostriatal synapses. Strategies that block this process can reduce synaptic loss, increase excitatory input to the striatum and prevent the development of cognitive deficits in mice.
Aberrant immune responses to the intestinal microbiome have emerged as major contributors to chronic intestinal inflammation, but the microbial species involved in inflammatory bowel diseases remain unknown. Our study identified dietary and commensal yeasts of the gut that drive the expansion of some cross-reactive CD4+ type 1 helper T cells with cytotoxic effector functions, which potentially contributes to immunopathology in patients with Crohn’s disease.
A novel AI-based decision support system for insulin titration in type 2 diabetes reveals important considerations surrounding the feasibility of clinical implementation.
A spatially coupled, individual-based simulation of malaria in Rwanda was used to evaluate changes in drug policy in response to artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Our findings suggest that the deployment of multiple first-line therapies has the potential to reduce treatment failures and slow the fixation of resistant alleles in populations.
Recent years have seen major advances in heart failure treatment, but gaps in implementation and disparities in care remain; this Review outlines the current state of the field.
Researchers have developed a screening tool for autism that uses computer vision and machine learning to analyze autism-related behaviors — but greater reliability and robust validation will be needed if such tools are to be used in primary care settings.
A systematic review of evidence, across the key pillars of prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, outlines milestones that need to be met to enable the broad clinical implementation of precision medicine in diabetes care.
The response to neoadjuvant treatment can be used to stratify individuals with muscle-invasive bladder cancer according to their risk of progression, enabling bladder-sparing approaches for some — and heralding a shift from the existing one-size-fits-all approach.
Clinical and population-based cohorts revealed an interaction between the inherited PNPLA3 p.I148M variant and female sex in determining liver disease. Transcriptomic and functional studies showed that the mechanism encompasses ERα-dependent upregulation of PNPLA3 in hepatocytes, highlighting a target for precision medicine therapeutics in cisgender women.
Whole-genome sequencing of Clostridioides difficile from a densely sampled intensive care unit (ICU) population showed that many of these patients harbor toxigenic C. difficile. This carriage did not lead to high levels of cross-transmission but was associated with a greatly increased risk of developing clinically overt C. difficile infection.
