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Conditions at the surface of Mars are enigmatic and complex and have varied substantially over the course of the planet’s history. The roles of erosion, transport and chemical weathering in shaping the Martian surface are critical to understanding this story. Similarly, the composition of the rocks and minerals we can observe offer insights into the geochemistry and reactions that take place at and below the surface. Water in particular is a key agent in many of these processes, along with the influence of weather and sediments.
In this Collection, we bring together recent work, and invite further contributions, on the nature and characteristics of the Martian surface, the processes at play, and the environmental conditions both in the present-day and in the distant past.