Temperature and salinity observations from a Greenland fjord suggest that subglacial meltwater is discharged during winter, impacting the fjord heat budget and biological productivity.

Second-generation oxidation boosts the production of anthropogenic organic aerosol, according to an analysis of urban haze in an experimental chamber.

The calcium silicate perovskite mineral davemaoite probably persisted since lower-mantle formation and may form davemaoite-enriched domains at the core–mantle boundary, according to an experimental study at lower-mantle conditions.

European climate extremes during the past 600 years were in large part driven by changes in the position and strength of the jet stream over the Atlantic, according to an analysis of terrestrial hydroclimate records.

Quartz-rich clasts in Martian meteorite NWA 7533 indicate the presence of granitic rocks on early Mars that formed via hydrothermal activity and impact melting, according to petrologic and in situ geochemical analyses.

Global sea-level rise during Meltwater Pulse 1A followed sequential ice loss from the Laurentide, Eurasian and then West Antarctic ice sheets, according to a fingerprinting approach.

Quasicrystals have structural properties intermediate between crystalline and amorphous materials. They can be synthesized in the lab but, as Luca Bindi explains, they may also be present in natural materials formed under extreme conditions.

A record-breaking start to 2025 extends the recent period of exceptional warmth and raises questions over the rate of ongoing climate change.

Rhabdophane contains high concentrations of the rare earth elements, yet Tobias Bamforth argues that it remains underappreciated as a significant host of these critical metals.

Sustained monitoring is essential for assessing volcanic hazards. Integration with igneous petrology is key to linking monitoring data to underlying magmatic processes.

Uptake of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods in geoscience is currently limited. We argue that such methods that reveal the decision processes of AI models can foster trust in their results and facilitate the broader adoption of AI.

Biofilms on the surface of outdoor stone heritage contribute to either biodeterioration or bioprotection. We suggest that halting biofilm activity by limiting biologically available water shifts geomicrobiological development towards bioprotection.