Risk factors articles within Nature Reviews Endocrinology

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  • Comment |

    Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for severe obesity, but it can have unintended negative psychosocial consequences, including an increased risk of alcohol use disorder. A greater understanding of the psychosocial effects of bariatric surgery will probably improve treatment outcomes.

    • Charlotte A. Hardman
    •  & Paul Christiansen

  • Review Article |

    Iodine nutrition is a key determinant of thyroid disease risk, and continued vigilance against iodine deficiency remains essential. Here, Peter Taylor and colleagues review the global incidence and prevalence of thyroid disease, highlighting geographical differences and the effect of environmental factors, such as iodine supplementation, on these data.

    • Peter N. Taylor
    • , Diana Albrecht
    •  & Onyebuchi E. Okosieme

  • News & Views |

    The US Preventive Services Task Force recently produced their recommendation statement on hormone therapy for primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women. Here, I outline the changes from the 2013 recommendations and discuss clinical questions providers continue to ponder daily as they care for women during the menopausal period.

    • Susan D. Reed

  • News & Views |

    Treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) for individuals over the age of 30 years is often delayed. A recent large-scale population analysis used a genetic risk score to define T1DM in the first six decades of life, providing specific insights applicable to those >30 years of age.

    • Everett Meyer
    •  & David M. Maahs

  • News & Views |

    TSH-suppressive therapy and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) was previously reported. A recent study by Pajamäki and colleagues found that patients with DTC have a higher risk of atrial fibrillation but a lower all-cause cardiovascular death rate. This study offers insights into this effect.

    • Frederik A. Verburg
    •  & Markus Luster

  • Year in Review |

    The risk of death from cardiovascular causes in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus remains around twice that in the general population, with heart failure a common event. In 2017, results from cardiovascular outcome trials in people with diabetes mellitus showed that some drugs have dual utility — reducing cardiovascular risk and improving glycaemic control.

    • Rury R. Holman

  • News & Views |

    A recent study reports that the global prevalence of paediatric obesity increased to >5% between 1975 and 2016. This increase occurred even as the prevalence of paediatric underweight decreased slightly but remained >8%. These average prevalence changes blur the remarkable regional variations in how prevalence has changed. There is a pressing need to address both underweight and obesity worldwide.

    • Jack A. Yanovski

  • News & Views |

    The patient-centred approach to the management of hyperglycaemia, encouraged by current guidelines, requires the availability of tools to quantify the benefits and harms of intensive glucose control. Although several scores enable estimation of the long-term risk of developing diabetes-related complications, there are very few validated models to predict the risk of severe hypoglycaemia.

    • Francesco Zaccardi
    •  & Kamlesh Khunti

  • News & Views |

    Recent reports suggest that molecular therapies targeting ANGPTL3 and its encoded protein angiopoietin-like protein 3 have clinical potential comparable to therapies targeting PCSK9 and its encoded protein proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. By mainly affecting triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, ANGPTL3 inhibition might prove complementary to LDL cholesterol lowering with PCSK9 blockade.

    • Kiran Musunuru
    •  & Sekar Kathiresan

  • Review Article |

    Central hypothyroidism is characterized by a defect in thyroid hormone secretion caused by insufficient stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH. Here, Beck-Peccoz and colleagues discuss the causes of central hypothyroidism and highlight areas where improvement is needed regarding diagnosis and treatment.

    • Paolo Beck-Peccoz
    • , Giulia Rodari
    •  & Andrea Lania

  • Review Article |

    Arterial hypertension is a complex condition influenced by multiple interrelated genetic and environmental factors. This Review examines our progress in unravelling the genetic determinants of hypertension, and the future use of genetic testing to personalize treatment and to improve the design of randomized controlled trials for the condition.

    • Gian Paolo Rossi
    • , Giulio Ceolotto
    •  & Livia Lenzini

  • Year in Review |

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health challenge. Development of more effective strategies for prevention and therapy depends on an improved understanding of its pathogenetic mechanisms. 2016 ends a period during which large-scale discovery of risk alleles for T2DM became routine and heralds a shift in research focus towards their exploitation to fuel mechanistic insights.

    • Mark I. McCarthy

  • News & Views |

    Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can contribute to the development of certain disorders and are known to have a high health-care burden in some countries. A new analysis has revealed the substantial impact of EDCs on health and associated costs in the USA.

    • Andreas Kortenkamp

  • Review Article |

    Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of fragility fractures. Here, Napoli and colleagues discuss the complex interactions between glucose homeostasis and bone fragility, the epidemiology of fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus and the effects of antidiabetic drugs on bone health.

    • Nicola Napoli
    • , Manju Chandran
    •  & Serge L. Ferrari

  • News & Views |

    The latest report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study highlights the effect of cancer therapy on endocrine abnormalities over >30 years of follow up. Overall, 44% of patients had one endocrine abnormality, 16.7% had two and 6.6% had three or more. The findings highlight the need for long-term endocrine monitoring of these patients.

    • Helena Gleeson

  • News & Views |

    Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the leading cause of death, morbidity and excessive health-care utilization and costs in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus; DKA is common at initial diagnosis, but uncommon thereafter. A new study has determined the risk factors for multiple DKA episodes and their relationship to the risk of death.

    • Mark A. Sperling

  • News & Views |

    Recent data from surveys in the USA have shown that 37.7% of adult individuals and 17.0% of children currently have obesity, with no sign of a reduction despite federal and local obesity prevention strategies. In particular, severe obesity seems to be increasing. Obesity, therefore, remains a major public health problem that requires drastic action.

    • Jacob C. Seidell
    •  & Jutka Halberstadt

  • News & Views |

    A recent study by Clayton et al. shows that overall mortality is increased for patients with Cushing disease, even in remission, but that mortality is normal if long-term remission is induced by only one pituitary surgery. These findings emphasize the importance of expert pituitary surgery.

    • John Newell-Price

  • Review Article |

    The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased substantially in many countries over the past few decades. In this Review, Kitahara and Sosa describe the changing incidence of the disease and suggest possible explanations for the trends, emphasizing implications for patients and ongoing strategies to combat this growing public health issue.

    • Cari M. Kitahara
    •  & Julie A. Sosa

  • Review Article |

    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with considerable risks to both the mother and developing baby. In this article, the authors review the evidence from randomized controlled trials for strategies designed to prevent GDM, such as lifestyle modification, dietary supplementation and pharmacological approaches.

    • Rochan Agha-Jaffar
    • , Nick Oliver
    •  & Stephen Robinson

  • Review Article |

    In this Review, Romain Barrès and Juleen Zierath outline the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying how lifestyle factors affect epigenetic changes involved in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The latest findings on the mechanisms by which diet and exercise affect the epigenome are also discussed.

    • Romain Barrès
    •  & Juleen R. Zierath

  • News & Views |

    In a new estimate, the global incidence of diabetes mellitus has quadrupled since 1980 and now affects nearly as many individuals as the 'Spanish flu' pandemic of the early 20th century. With such an increasing burden on healthcare systems, what can be done to limit the devastating impact of this disease?

    • Thomas Yates
    •  & Kamlesh Khunti

  • Review Article |

    Dietary supplements are widely used and offer the potential to improve health if appropriately targeted to those in need. This Review summarizes the available data on dietary supplements and health outcomes in both developing and developed countries to help guide decisions about dietary supplement recommendations.

    • Susanne Rautiainen
    • , JoAnn E. Manson
    •  & Howard D. Sesso

  • Review Article |

    Vitamin and mineral deficiencies during pregnancy can have a major effect on neonatal development. In this Review, Gernand and colleagues discuss the evidence supporting the need for micronutrient supplementation and how it can benefit pregnancy, especially in low-income settings.

    • Alison D. Gernand
    • , Kerry J. Schulze
    •  & Parul Christian

  • News & Views |

    A new study shows that hyperthyroidism is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer compared with the general population. By contrast, hypothyroidism is associated with a slightly decreased risk of breast cancer. With this knowledge, what are the implications for clinical practice and further research?

    • Layal Chaker
    •  & Theo J. Visser

  • News & Views |

    In a new study, a dramatic decrease in the frequency of implantation, pregnancy and live birth is associated with increased urine levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, in women who consume soy-containing foods, the interfering effect of BPA on IVF success is negated.

    • Frederick S. vom Saal
    •  & Wade V. Welshons

  • News & Views |

    Results from a recent randomized controlled trial on vitamin D3 supplementation suggest that even modestly high doses of vitamin D3, when given once monthly, might be associated with an increased rate of falls in older people. These findings support the conservative approach of the Institute of Medicine's recommendations of 800 IU of vitamin D3 per day for older adults.

    • Kerrie M. Sanders
    •  & Markus J. Seibel

  • News & Views |

    Although the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is higher in African-American than in white individuals, equations developed to predict T2DM are more effective in white individuals. A new study by Lacy and colleagues highlights the need to re-examine current paradigms and identify new biomarkers to determine the earliest features of T2DM risk in populations of African descent.

    • Stephanie T. Chung
    •  & Anne E. Sumner

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