Abstract
Myelin, which is produced by oligodendrocytes, insulates axons to facilitate rapid and efficient action potential propagation in the central nervous system. Traditionally viewed as a stable structure, myelin is now known to undergo dynamic modulation throughout life. This Review examines these dynamics, focusing on two key aspects: (1) the turnover of myelin, involving not only the renewal of constituents but the continuous wholesale replacement of myelin membranes; and (2) the structural remodeling of pre-existing, mature myelin, a newly discovered form of neural plasticity that can be stimulated by external factors, including neuronal activity, behavioral experience and injury. We explore the mechanisms regulating these dynamics and speculate that myelin remodeling could be driven by an asymmetry in myelin turnover or reactivation of pathways involved in myelin formation. Finally, we outline how myelin remodeling could have profound impacts on neural function, serving as an integral component of behavioral adaptation.
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Acknowledgements
We thank members of the Hughes laboratory for their helpful comments. Funding was provided by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (FG-2208-40305) and the Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (MS220187) to L.A.O. Funding was provided by a University of Colorado Department of Cell and Developmental Biology pilot grant, the Whitehall Foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG-1701–26733) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS115975, NS125230 and NS132859) to E.G.H.
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Osso, L.A., Hughes, E.G. Dynamics of mature myelin. Nat Neurosci (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01642-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01642-2
