Featured
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Review Article |
Functional brain networks in the evaluation of patients with neurodegenerative disorders
Advances in neuroimaging research have enabled the development of predictive models that integrate information from multiple brain systems. Here, Perovnik, Rus and colleagues discuss the detection and validation of neurodegenerative disease-specific functional brain networks and consider their relationship to pathological processes and disease-related genotypes.
- Matej Perovnik
- , Tomaž Rus
- & David Eidelberg
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News & Views |
Brain changes after COVID-19 — how concerned should we be?
Analysis of brain images taken before and after infection with SARS-CoV-2 suggests that even mild COVID-19 is associated with brain structure alterations and cognitive impairment. However, the clinical implications for individuals are unclear and further studies are needed to assess the generalizability of the findings and whether the effects are long-lasting.
- Stéphane Kremer
- & H. Rolf Jäger
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Research Highlight |
Charting brain development across the human lifespan
A recent paper published in Nature reports on an ambitious project to construct standardized charts to aid recognition of typical and atypical development of the human brain.
- Heather Wood
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Review Article |
Multimodal brain and retinal imaging of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson disease
In vivo imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of Parkinson disease (PD) are important for the development of new therapies. The authors review recent advances in brain and retinal imaging in PD, focusing particularly on multimodal approaches with applications at the prodromal stage.
- Jee-Young Lee
- , Antonio Martin-Bastida
- & Beomseok Jeon
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Research Highlight |
Brain imaging illuminates cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
- Heather Wood
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News & Views |
The Parkinson disease connectome — insights from new imaging studies
During Parkinson disease progression, the accumulation of α-synuclein pathology is paralleled by changes in structural and functional connectivity in the brain. Two new studies pinpoint specific alterations in the brain connectome in the early stages of Parkinson disease and suggest future avenues of research to develop connectome-based biomarkers.
- Florian Krismer
- & Klaus Seppi
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Review Article |
Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology
In this Review, Wardlaw et al. discuss the anatomy, physiology and pathology of perivascular spaces, particularly as seen with MRI in humans, and consider translation from models to humans to highlight knowns, unknowns, controversies and clinical relevance.
- Joanna M. Wardlaw
- , Helene Benveniste
- & Sandra E. Black
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Consensus Statement
| Open Access
MAGNIMS consensus recommendations on the use of brain and spinal cord atrophy measures in clinical practice
In this Consensus statement, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS (MAGNIMS) study group reviews the application of brain and spinal cord atrophy in clinical practice in the management of MS and makes consensus statements and recommendations for future research.
- Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- , Deborah Pareto
- & Àlex Rovira
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News & Views |
Towards artificial intelligence for clinical stroke care
Artificial intelligence algorithms are well suited to the fast decision making needed in the management of large vessel occlusive stroke. In a new study, a fully automated CT angiography algorithm identified large vessel occlusions with impressive sensitivity, but the work highlights the need for high reporting standards to maximize translatability.
- Thabele M. Leslie-Mazwi
- & Michael H. Lev
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In Brief |
The central vein sign as a clinical diagnostic biomarker for multiple sclerosis
- Sarah Lemprière
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Review Article |
Chronic inflammation in multiple sclerosis — seeing what was always there
In this Review, Matthews considers how advanced imaging techniques are enabling in vivo visualization of chronic CNS inflammation in multiple sclerosis that has previously been identified in histopathological studies.
- Paul M. Matthews
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Year in Review |
Targeting progression in multiple sclerosis — an update
In 2018, the distinguishing pathological features of white matter lesions in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) were refined, and serological and MRI biomarkers of clinical worsening and evolution to progressive MS were identified. We also saw therapeutic advances in progressive MS with the emergence of new neuroprotective strategies and putative markers of neurodegeneration.
- Maria A. Rocca
- & Massimo Filippi
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Review Article |
Biological insights from the premonitory symptoms of migraine
Premonitory symptoms of migraine can start hours to days before the onset of headache. In this Review, Karsan and Goadsby discuss the phenotypes of these premonitory symptoms and the insights that they provide into the neurobiology of migraine.
- Nazia Karsan
- & Peter J. Goadsby
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Review Article |
Protecting the ischaemic penumbra as an adjunct to thrombectomy for acute stroke
Despite advances in the treatment of ischaemic stroke, functional outcomes are still suboptimal in many patients. Baron discusses approaches to further limit the spread of brain ischaemia by ‘freezing’ the penumbra — that is, the at-risk but not yet infarcted tissue.
- Jean-Claude Baron
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Review Article |
The current role of MRI in differentiating multiple sclerosis from its imaging mimics
In this Review, MAGNIMS provides an update on the imaging features that differentiate multiple sclerosis (MS) from its most common imaging mimics and a summary of the red-flag MRI features that indicate a diagnosis other than MS.
- Ruth Geraldes
- , Olga Ciccarelli
- & Jacqueline Palace
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Consensus Statement
| Open Access
Brain imaging tests for chronic pain: medical, legal and ethical issues and recommendations
Chronic pain is the greatest source of disability globally and claims related to chronic pain feature in many insurance and medico-legal cases. In this Consensus Statement, a presidential task force of the International Association for the Study of Pain examines the capabilities of brain imaging in the diagnosis of chronic pain, and the ethical and legal implications of such uses of brain imaging.
- Karen D. Davis
- , Herta Flor
- & Tor D. Wager
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Review Article |
Advances in neuro-oncology imaging
MRI has become the standard method for diagnosis and monitoring of patients with brain tumours, but conventional MRI sequences have important limitations. This Review summarizes the clinical role of the rapidly developing field of amino acid PET and advanced MRI techniques in adults with brain tumours, and provides an outlook for future developments in PET and MRI.
- Karl-Josef Langen
- , Norbert Galldiks
- & Nadim Jon Shah
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News & Views |
CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer disease — approaching consensus
A European working group has provided a new set of recommendations for the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in the diagnostic evaluation of Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. These recommendations represent an important step towards the implementation of CSF biomarker tests in the clinic, but several challenges remain.
- Douglas R. Galasko
- & Leslie M. Shaw
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Year in Review |
Putting AD treatments and biomarkers to the test
Investigational treatments to impede the progression of Alzheimer disease (AD) are being evaluated in clinical trials, and biomarkers to detect and track the disease are being developed and deployed. Recent findings underscore the importance of ongoing clinical trials and biomarker developments in the understanding, treatment and prevention of AD.
- Eric M. Reiman
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Editorial |
Brains and beauty — the 2017 cover
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Consensus Statement
| Open Access
The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement from the North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative
The central vein sign (CVS) has been proposed as a novel MRI biomarker to improve the accuracy and speed of multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis. This Consensus Statement from the NAIMS Cooperative provides a roadmap to help radiologists and neurologists to better understand, refine, standardize and evaluate the CVS in the diagnosis of MS.
- Pascal Sati
- , Jiwon Oh
- & Daniel S. Reich
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Review Article |
Pathophysiological and diagnostic implications of cortical dysfunction in ALS
Evidence is accumulating that cortical dysfunction — in particular, cortical hyperexcitability — is an early feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), thereby lending support to the 'dying-forward' hypothesis of ALS pathogenesis. The authors present an overview of recent insights into ALS pathophysiology, focusing on the importance of cortical hyperexcitability as a pathogenic and diagnostic biomarker.
- Nimeshan Geevasinga
- , Parvathi Menon
- & Steve Vucic
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Review Article |
Advanced MRI and staging of multiple sclerosis lesions
MRI-based visualization of demyelinated CNS lesions is pivotal to the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). The authors describe how advanced multimodal neuroimaging techniques are providing valuable insights into lesion structure and blood–brain barrier dynamics, thereby narrowing the gap between the macroscopic view of the radiologist and the microscopic view of the pathologist. The findings in humans are compared with data from a primate model of MS — experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset.
- Martina Absinta
- , Pascal Sati
- & Daniel S. Reich
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News & Views |
MRI biomarkers — a precision medicine tool in neurology?
Two new studies highlight the potential of neuroimaging to aid the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease, for both clinical practice and emerging trials. Although this approach holds great promise, meaningful implementation of neuroimaging as part of a tailored precision medicine strategy may require additional imaging and non-imaging biomarkers.
- Corey T. McMillan
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Review Article |
Nonconventional MRI and microstructural cerebral changes in multiple sclerosis
In our third and final installment from the MAGNIMS study group, Enzinger et al. consider how dramatic progress in MRI has enabled nonconventional structural imaging techniques to shed new light on the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. The authors discuss the present use of these techniques in the disease, and consider their future application to clinical research and practice.
- Christian Enzinger
- , Frederik Barkhof
- & Franz Fazekas
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In Brief |
Neurodegeneration distinguishes MS from NMO
Schizophrenia: from neurochemistry to circuits, symptoms and treatments
A clinically useful MRI marker of PD?
White matter pathology predicts cognitive decline in PD
Positive trials in ischaemic stroke reported at ESOC 2018
Prediction of cognitive decline in PD
Expanding the thrombectomy time window after stroke
Risk variants associated with amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease
10-year study shines a light on grey matter atrophy in MS
Sniffing out a marker of early Alzheimer disease
Imaging signatures identified for dementia subtypes
Shape asymmetry of brain structures predicts dementia
Synaptic density directly visualized in human brains