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Human OGA forms an unusual arm-in-arm homodimer with a substrate-binding cleft that affords extensive interactions with the peptide substrate in a recognition mode distinct from that of its bacterial homologs.
A 20S proteasome complex localizes to neuronal plasma membrane, where it produces and releases extracellular peptides that induce neuronal calcium signaling.
Cryo-EM analyses provide a near-atomic view of the C. elegans securin–separase complex, with insights into the mechanism by which securin inhibits separase's protease activity.
Capture Hi-C analysis reveals that DNA double-strand breaks within transcriptionally active regions of the human genome form clusters that exhibit delayed repair in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Unlike in animals in which gastrulation marks the onset of zygotic transcription and a transition from random to site-specific localization of replication origins, transcription and origin specification in Caenorhabditis elegans are in place before gastrulation. Nonetheless, origin-site redistribution takes place after gastrulation, and is coordinated with changes in the sites of active transcription.
This Review highlights recent breakthroughs in X-chromosome inactivation and discusses how the multitasking RNA Xist can structurally and functionally transform an active chromosome into uniquely organized facultative heterochromatin.
TOP2 collaborates with the BAF complex genome-wide to form and resolve facultative heterochromatin at transcriptional regulatory elements recognized by pluripotency factors.
Crystal structure analysis combined with sequencing approaches uncover a broad T cell receptor repertoire and reveal the structural basis of influenza M1 epitope recognition.
Structural determination and analysis of HLA-I that presents an HIV-derived peptide to an NK cell receptor reveal that N-terminal extended epitope conformations contribute to immune recognition and mechanisms of HIV immune escape.
HIV Tat binding to the exterior of Aβ fibrils induces lateral aggregation and formation of fibers with increased adhesion, rigidity and mechanical resistance, thus potentially accounting for their higher neurotoxicity.
The interaction of Hsp90 with misfolded monomeric transthyretin is characterized via biophysical approaches, and the data indicate that Hsp90 may have a distinct recognition mode for aggregation-prone proteins.
Cryo-EM analyses of the initial contact of the HIV-1 Env trimer with the CD4 receptor reveal that CD4 interacts with two gp120 protomers; these quaternary contacts are important for viral infectivity.
A 3.9-Å-resolution cryo-EM structure of the S. cerevisiae OCCM replicative helicase loading complex bound to DNA shows how ORC and Cdc6 recognize DNA origins, and reveals details of how the Mcm2–7 hexamer ring is loaded onto the DNA helix.
A high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the heptameric Cdt1–Mcm2–7 complex of the replicative helicase from budding yeast suggests a ‘spring-action’ DNA-unwinding mechanism.
Targeted deamination of cytosine bases in DNA by AID/APOBEC-family enzymes is critical for proper immune function, but it also poses risks to genomic integrity. New structures reported by Harris, Aihara and colleagues offer the first glimpses into the enzyme–DNA complex and reveal both expected and unexpected insights into the DNA-binding mode involved in targeting purposeful mutation.
The specificity of USP18's deconjugating activity toward ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein induced by interferon, is revealed by structural and biochemistry studies of the mouse proteins.