Reviews & Analysis

Diabetes mellitus or obesity during pregnancy can cause fetal hypoxia, resulting in reduced fetal growth. This Review discusses the metabolic causes of fetal hypoxia in pregnancies with diabetes mellitus and/or obesity and the fetal adaptations to this oxygen deficit.

This Review outlines the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients who have undergone liver transplantation for prior NASH-related cirrhosis (recurrent) or other liver indications (de novo).

Menopause can increase the risk of diabetes mellitus, while existing diabetes mellitus can cause early menopause. This Review discusses the interaction of diabetes mellitus and the menopause, including therapeutic management strategies for both conditions.

The actions of growth hormone (GH) on growth and many other processes are well-described. This Review highlights clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GH deficiency, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.

This article discusses X chromosome agents of sexual differentiation. These agents could explain some of the sex differences in incidence and severity of particular diseases.

This article discusses evidence for the emergence of a different set of complications associated with diabetes mellitus from the traditional ones, outlines the risks and burden of these associated complications and considers implications for the future management of diabetes mellitus.

This Review highlights evidence that persistent enterovirus infections, particularly coxsackievirus B, trigger and/or accelerate islet autoimmunity in susceptible individuals, thereby leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The potential for vaccination or antiviral therapies to prevent T1DM onset is also considered.

Menopause affects roughly half of the global population, yet many affected people do not receive the treatment they need. This Review discusses currently available menopausal hormonal therapies and novel pharmaceutical alternatives to manage menopausal symptoms.

Glucocorticoid therapies are widely used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet these drugs induce adverse metabolic effects. This Review highlights new insights into mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and discusses current and future therapeutic options.

This Review considers the principal regulators of the processes of biomineralization and crystallization in human physiology. In addition, disorders of biomineralization are discussed, including bone disorders and disorders of extraskeletal mineralization.

Macrophages in the liver can undergo phenotypic changes during metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This Review discusses our current understanding of the changes in the proportions and functions of liver macrophage populations in health and NAFLD.

This Review discusses the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and in the regulation of body weight in humans. How epigenetics might help the development of precision medicine is outlined.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing substantially in India and China. This Review discusses the epidemiology, phenotypes and pathogenesis of T2DM in India and China and evaluates options for optimal pharmacological management.

This Review focuses on challenges and advances in the management and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. New therapeutic developments are discussed, including novel glucocorticoid therapies, adjunct agents aimed at controlling excess androgens, and cell-based and gene-based therapies.

This article discusses the current understanding of the genetics of autoimmune Addison disease and outlines the autoimmune mechanisms that could underlie the effects on the adrenal cortex.

Exerkines are signalling moieties that are released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise that exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways. This Review summarizes the importance and current state of exerkine research, prevailing challenges and future directions.

The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis regulates bone remodelling and metabolism. This Review highlights the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of skeletal fragility associated with perturbations in the GH–IGF1 axis such as GH deficiency, anorexia nervosa, ageing and acromegaly.

Intermittent fasting diets are increasingly popular alternatives to traditional weight loss methods; however, their efficacy and safety are currently unclear. This Review evaluates the current research on intermittent fasting and discusses the benefits and challenges of these diets.

This Review discusses the role of mitochondria in metabolism and how mitochondria contribute to age-related metabolic diseases. This knowledge might guide us in designing therapies targeting metabolic disorders to extend human health span and lifespan.

Abnormal uterine bleeding affects many individuals who menstruate and can have a detrimental impact on physical and mental health. This Review discusses endometrial physiology and the causes underlying abnormal uterine bleeding (including heavy menstrual bleeding).