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This Review discusses the role of the Chinese Famine in the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China and highlights lessons to be learned.
This Review focuses on the function of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in controlling metabolism and their influence in metabolic diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). The therapeutic potential of targeting HIFs for the treatment of metabolic diseases will also be discussed.
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a vital component of cellular metabolism and the extracellular matrix of the skeleton. In this Review, Sampada Chande and Clemens Bergwitz discuss the metabolic effects of Pi and the consequences of its dysregulation.
The WNT signalling pathway has been identified as a potential target for the development of therapeutics for osteoporosis. This Review discusses the specificity and potential off-target actions of WNT-based therapeutics and describes the available preclinical and clinical studies.
Circulating and imaging biomarkers could be useful for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Here, Wouter de Herder and colleagues review the latest research on biomarkers in the NET field and provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of relevant diagnostic biomarkers.
Small papillary thyroid cancers are considered low risk and account for the majority of incidental thyroid nodules. Here, Tracy S. Wang and Julie A. Sosa discuss the current debates and advances regarding the diagnosis and optimal treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer.
Treatment protocols for thyroid cancers range from active surveillance to total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine remnant ablation. In this Review, the authors discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the surveillance tools and follow-up strategies used by clinicians in the treatment of thyroid cancers.
The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia is increasing in adults aged 65 years and older. Here, John Batsis and Dennis Villareal explore the sex-specific hormonal changes, inflammatory pathways and myocellular mechanisms that lead to the development of sarcopenic obesity.
Many mechanistic processes during ageing and age-related diseases cause inflammation. In this Review, the authors discuss the relationship between the immune and metabolic systems during ageing and age-related diseases and the potential use of new biomarkers capable of distinguishing between biological and chronological age in metabolic diseases.
Cognitive dysfunction is an important comorbidity of diabetes mellitus. In this Review, Geert Jan Biessels and Florin Despa discuss the different manifestations of diabetes-mellitus-associated cognitive dysfunction. They also review the role of experimental models in improving our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms.
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasing. Novel treatment modalities, particularly from the field of diabetes technologies, have eased the burden of the disease. Here, the authors review established and novel diabetes technologies used in the management of patients with T1DM.
The liver X receptor (LXR) pathway is important for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. In this Review, the authors discuss the role of LXRs in cholesterol and lipid metabolism and the emerging strategies to target the LXR pathway to treat metabolic diseases.
The δ-cells of the pancreatic islets secrete somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. In this Review, the authors summarize the cellular physiology of somatostatin secretion, how this might go wrong in diabetes mellitus and potential therapeutic targets.
In this Review, the authors describe the physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the currently available and emerging GLP1 receptor agonists and their use to treat T2DM and other indications.
This Review focuses on the emerging preclinical evidence implicating alterations in autophagy as a pathophysiological mechanism underpinning the development of obesity and its complications. The therapeutic potential of pharmacological and nonpharmacological modulation of autophagy in obesity and its sequelae is also discussed.
Environmental factors, particularly during early life, are important for the later metabolic health of the individual. Here, Elizabeth Radford explores the extent to which epigenetic inheritance contributes to heredity and whether environmental challenges can result in epigenetic inheritance.
The prevalence of obesity in adolescents is increasing, and the management of these patients presents unique challenges not seen in adults. Here, Baur and colleagues review the different options for treating obesity in adolescents.
Iodine nutrition is a key determinant of thyroid disease risk, and continued vigilance against iodine deficiency remains essential. Here, Peter Taylor and colleagues review the global incidence and prevalence of thyroid disease, highlighting geographical differences and the effect of environmental factors, such as iodine supplementation, on these data.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in premenopausal women. Here, Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale reviews the newest advances and limitations of current knowledge regarding PCOS and provides principles for the diagnosis and management of women with PCOS.
In this Review, the authors chart the history of growth hormone, from discovery to clinical development and therapeutic approval, and discuss the emerging pathophysiology and treatment of its related growth disorders, particularly in childhood. Finally, more recent developments and future strategies are highlighted.
