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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children and adults. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple causes that probably differ between individuals, influenced by genetic variation, environmental factors and the structure and function of the brain.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children and adults. In this Primer, Faraone and colleagues argue that improved understanding of the heterogeneous genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying ADHD is required to improve diagnosis and treatment.
Diabetic kidney disease is caused by microvascular damage sustained as a result of diabetes, affecting approximately one-third of patients with type 1 diabetes and half of patients with type 2 diabetes. This PrimeView highlights the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for developing diabetic kidney disease.
Diabetic kidney disease is caused by microvascular damage sustained as a result of diabetes. Cooper et al. discuss current knowledge on this condition, arguing that novel strategies to halt and reverse disease progression are urgently needed.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycaemia caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. This PrimeView focuses on the multifactorial aspects of glycaemic control required to manage patients with the disease.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycaemia caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. In this Primer, DeFronzo et al. discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and current and future treatment strategies.
Gliomas are primary tumours that arise from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells. These tumours are responsible for the majority of deaths from primary brain cancers. This PrimeView summarizes the associated Primer, with a focus on the strong genetic and epigenetic components that characterize gliomas.
Gliomas are primary tumours that arise from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells and are responsible for the majority of deaths from primary brain tumours. In this Primer, Weller et al. discuss the molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of gliomas in adults and children.
Axial spondyloarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sacroiliac joints in the pelvis and potentially other sites. This PrimeView summarizes the key points of the Primer on axial spondyloarthritis by Joachim Sieper and colleagues.
Axial spondyloarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sacroiliac joints and potentially of other body sites. Sieper and colleagues summarize how diagnostic and therapeutic advances have changed not only the clinical management but also the questions for further research.
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox) and, upon reactivation following latency, zoster (shingles). The development of vaccines to reduce the disease burden, particularly in at-risk populations (for example, pregnant women and the elderly), are a current focus.
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox) and, upon reactivation following latency, zoster (shingles). In this Primer, the authors discuss VZV pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of VZV infections, with an emphasis on the molecular events that regulate these diseases.
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is a respiratory condition in which the airway collapses repeatedly during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxia with cardiovascular co-morbidities as a consequence. As illustrated here, excessive daytime sleepiness and cardiovascular and metabolic co-morbidities are the main consequences.
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is a respiratory condition in which the airway collapses repeatedly during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxia with cardiovascular co-morbidities as a consequence. In this Primer, Lévy et al. describe the causes, consequences and treatment options for this condition.
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection can cause inflammation and degeneration of the spinal cord known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). As described in this PrimeView, HAM/TSP leads to paralysis of the legs, back pain and urinary symptoms.
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection can cause inflammation and degeneration of the spinal cord — HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Here, Bangham et al. summarize the pathogenesis and clinical management of this devastating disease and highlight open research questions.
Cataract is the most common cause of blindness worldwide, caused by progressive clouding of the normally clear lens. This PrimeView summarizes the differences in impact and management of the disease between in the developing and the developed world.
Cataract is the most common cause of blindness worldwide. Here, Lam et al. summarize the development of cataract and highlight how different the impact and the management of this disease are in the developing compared with the developed world.
