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Thymic selection shapes the repertoire of potentially autoreactive thymocytes that are allowed to mature. The expression pattern of self antigen seen by thymocytes determines the number and functional ability of autoreactive T cells.
Viral infection of the mucosa induces a strong host innate immune response involving type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes. New findings show that mechanical or pathogen-induced disruption of the mucus itself can also trigger 'hyper-early' innate responses independent of type I interferons and major sensing pathways of the innate immune system.
Systems immunology identifies molecular and cellular signatures associated with adverse clinical events and antibody response to a vaccine against H1N1 influenza virus.
Arteries are colonized by macrophages of multiple origins, derived prenatally from the yolk sac and during an early postnatal wave from the bone marrow. During sepsis, blood monocyte-derived macrophages transiently contribute to, but do not replace, resident arterial macrophages that largely self-renew in situ.
Murray reviews how immune cells integrate information about external essential amino acids supplies and transfer signals to growth and activation pathways that dictate cell function.
IL-33 has well-described roles in type 2 immune responses; however, the scope of its functions are rapidly widening. Martin and Martin review the latest knowledge on IL-33 as an alarmin, intracellular molecule and cytokine.
