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Visceral adipose tissue hosts at least two populations of mature FOXP3+ regulatory T cells, which together can preserve systemic metabolism and control inflammation.
Intratumoral regulatory T (Treg) cells can suppress antitumor immunity. Unlike in splenic Treg cells, the H3K9me2 demethylase JMDJ1 seems to be induced, and is required for this function, in the tumor microenvironment, and targeting it with a small-molecule inhibitor can suppress tumor growth in mice.
IL-23 promotes tumor growth in preclinical cancer models and correlates with adverse clinical outcomes. Here, Becher and colleagues find that IL-23 produced by tumor-associated macrophages stabilizes Treg cell identity, promoting immunosuppression and tumor growth.
Here, the authors target intratumoral Treg cells to enhance antitumor immunity without affecting systemic Treg cell function and identify JMJD1C as a critical epigenetic regulator of tumor Treg cell fitness.
Here, the authors characterize two distinct Treg cell populations in the visceral adipose tissue of lean and high-fat diet-fed mice. ST2+ Treg cells are dominant in male mice and are transcriptionally driven by GATA3 and PPARγ, regulators that limit the differentiation of the more female-dominant population of CXCR3+ Treg cells that are T-bet dependent. Functional distinctions are also evident in glucose tolerance and adipose inflammation.
Understanding the ontogeny of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) is a major aim in the field. The fate of progenitors of the recently described subsets of mouse cDC2s (cDC2A and cDC2B) is determined in the bone marrow.
Reis e Sousa et al. show that cDC2As and cDC2Bs are derived from distinct subsets of bone marrow pre-cDC2s, suggesting that the two lineages are ontogenetically determined.
Here, the authors enhance their nasally delivered chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with an Omicron-matched vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-BA.5-S) that stimulates mucosal immunity in mice and hamsters and shows cross-reactive CD8+ memory T cell-driven protection against antigenically distant strains.
The development of therapies for ischemic stroke requires a deep understanding of the immune response to injury. Analysis now defines immune cell origin, disease stage-specific responses, and the effects of age and sex after ischemic stroke.
Many immunologists strongly support the drive for inclusion and diversity in the workplace, but factors beyond their control are making this an ever more difficult goal.
Siliciano and colleagues describe the generation of bispecific antibodies that target the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) on the surface of HIV-1-infected cells and the receptor CD16 on the surface of NK cells to induce the NK cell-mediated lysis of HIV-1-infected cells and reduce the viral reservoir.
Cancer cells often rely on glycolysis for energy metabolism. Increased glycolysis leads to the increased production of lactate and H+ ions, which should hypothetically lower intracellular pH. However, we find that tumor cells combat intracellular over-acidification by synthesizing carnosine, especially under hypoxic conditions, which allows them to control lysosome-dependent galectin-9 expression and evade T cell-mediated immune surveillance.