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This Review summarizes recent advances in CRISPR–Cas regulation mechanisms by natural biomolecules that enhance or inhibit CRIPSR–Cas immunity, as well as their applications in CRISPR biology and technologies.
Ion channel structures reveal mechanisms of lipid action, including how channel gating is altered by direct binding of signaling lipids and those within the membrane itself, as well as mechanical and architectural effects of membrane lipids.
The asymmetric distribution of lipids, including cholesterol, in biological membranes established actively by flippases and scramblases has structural, biophysical and functional consequences in cells and implications for communication across membranes.
This Review summarizes the chemical and physical properties of methylated nucleobases in DNA and RNA, proposes a chemical classification of methylation types, and discusses recent advance in demethylation reactions mediated by dioxygenases.
Virulence factors from various bacterial pathogens catalyze post-translational modification of key host proteins, including phosphate β-elimination and phosphoribosyl-linked ubiquitination, to suppress host immune defenses and promote infection.
This Review provides insights into transcriptional regulation, and vulnerabilities of cancer cells to disruption of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-mediated regulation of Pol II transcription, revealed with small-molecule CDK inhibitors.
Analysis of recent X-ray crystallography data on eukaryotic glycosyltransferases in complex with acceptor and donor substrates reveals structural features that govern substrate specificity and glycosylation site selection.
Hetz et al. discuss recent advances in the identification and optimization of small molecules targeting the unfolded protein response and the application of these small molecules in cancers, neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases.
This Review highlights recent structure–function insights that inform diverse pharmacologic strategies for direct targeting of BAX to alternatively reactivate or inhibit apoptosis in diseases of pathologic cell survival or premature cellular demise.
A collection of genetically encoded tools, each with their own capabilities, limitations and performance characteristics, are available for monitoring and manipulating neuronal activity that could allow visualizing the brain at single-cell resolution.
A highlight of the knowledge derived in large part from structural work on physical motions and chemical interactions involved in voltage sensing, pore opening, ion conductance and selectivity, and voltage-dependent inactivation mechanisms of the voltage-gated channels NaV and CaV.
A review of the roles of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) in signaling systems including transcription, ion transport, bacterial secretion and eukaryotic immune responses, highlighting the diverse binding modes of CDNs by target proteins and functional insights gained from structural studies.
Biomolecule-specific small-molecule probes, in contrast to genetically encoded tags, can visualize peptidoglycan, lipids, nucleic acids and glycans and have proven useful for imaging of the unique subcellular compartments and environment of bacteria.
This Review article highlights bacterial toxin-antitoxin system components, their function and the mechanisms they use to affect diverse physiological functions and conditions, including dormancy and entry and exit from the persistent state defined by a high tolerance to antibiotics.