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The discovery of a distant, low-mass satellite galaxy helps to constrain the mass function for substructure beyond the local Universe to a form that agrees at the 95 per cent confidence level with predictions based on cold dark matter.
Exploiting the weak interactions between electron spins and nuclear spins in silicon-based quantum dots leads to a dephasing time two orders of magnitude greater than in analogous gallium-arsenide-based devices, demonstrating the potential of silicon as a host material for quantum information processing.
Ultra-high-resolution mapping of the eukaryotic transcription machinery across the yeast genome reveals several unifying principles of pre-initiation complexes at coding and non-coding genes.
Chromosomes within micronuclei are shown to be damaged during S phase and become highly fragmented, and the damaged pieces can be reincorporated into the genome.
Dopaminergic neurons in the mouse ventral tegmental area signal the difference between received and expected reward, whereas GABAergic neurons signal expected reward.
Acute exercise is shown to induce autophagy in skeletal muscle of fed mice, indicating a possible mechanism for the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise.
Galectin 8, a cytosolic lectin, is shown to function as a danger receptor that detects damaged vesicles and protects cells from bacterial infection by inducing autophagy.
Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry is used to quantify protein turnover in animal stereocilia, showing that rapid turnover occurs only in stereocilia tips.
Two double-sun exoplanets have been discovered by the Kepler spacecraft, establishing a new class of ‘circumbinary’ exoplanets and suggesting that at least several million such systems exist in our Galaxy.
A statistical analysis of microlensing data from 2002–07 reveals that stars in the Milky Way are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than an exception.
The central region of the supernova remnant SNR 0509−67.5 in the Large Magellanic Cloud is shown to contain no ex-companion star, which suggests it was formed by an explosion resulting from the merger of two white dwarf stars.
The sequencing of AML genomes of eight patients before and after relapse reveals two major patterns of clonal evolution, with chemotherapy appearing to have a role in both patterns.
Numerical modelling of the rheology of MgO at the pressure, temperature and strain rates of Earth's mantle shows that extremely low strain rates counteract the influence of pressure, so that MgO is generally a very weak phase in the mantle.
The retinoblastoma genome is shown to be stable, but multiple cancer pathways are identified that are epigenetically deregulated, providing potential new therapeutic targets.
In mice, expression of PGC1-α in muscles is shown to stimulate expression of FNDC5, which is cleaved and secreted in the circulation as the newly identified hormone irisin; on exercise, this hormone stimulates browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
This work shows that treatments used for acute myeloid leukaemia and targeted therapies could be used for early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Rather than turning off the biological response, desensitization of the cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor sustains long-term signalling in the immune system.