Data processing and learning has become a spearhead for the advancement of medicine. Computational pathology is burgeoning subspecialty that promises a better-integrated solution to whole-slide images, multi-omics data and clinical informatics as innovative approach for patient care. This review describes clinical perspectives and discusses the statistical methods, clinical applications, potential obstacles, and future directions of computational pathology.

The authors used artificial intelligence to estimate gestational age from scanned whole-slide images of placenta. They developed attention and aggregation deep learning methods because of the large volume of data and tissue heterogeneity. This study provides proof-of-concept in unannotated, unknown images with high accuracy.

Immune cells are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration, but the mechanisms are unclear. In this paper, the authors show that programmed death-1 (PD-1), a key immunosuppressive receptor that is involved in adaptive immune responses, can promote contused skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating Treg cell generation and macrophage polarization.

The authors show that intraperitoneal injection of tubeimoside I (TBM) alleviates the endothelial dysfunction caused by sepsis. Their results suggest that TBM functions by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis via SIRT3, an NAD-dependent deacetylase. TBM is therefore a promising new therapeutic agent against sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction.

The authors examined late- and early-onset murine retinoblastoma tumors and noted that aggressive tumors uniquely expressed an immune gene expression signature. This led to accumulation of a variety of immune cells, including T-lymphocytes, that was not observed in less aggressive tumors. Gene expression analysis identified the immune signature in human and other murine tumors, and they observed it correlated with less proliferative tumors.

Choline attenuates abdominal aortic coarctation-induced cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, by amelioration of circadian rhythm disruption and attenuation of calcium-handling protein defects. Modulation of vagal activity by choline may have therapeutic potential for cardiac remodeling and heart failure.

Human corneal keratocytes (HCK) are essential for maintaining corneal structure and transparency. This study shows that the natural antioxidant L-carnitine inhibits stromal scarring by suppressing injury-induced intrinsic transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) activity that is linked to induction of myofibroblast transdifferentiation in HCK cells. Blocking TRPV1 activation on keratocytes may therefore be a viable approach to suppress corneal opacification in a clinical setting.