Abstract
Amide bond formation and aromatic/heteroaromatic nitro-group reductions represent two of the most commonly used transformations in organic synthesis. Unfortunately, such processes can be especially wasteful and hence environmentally harmful, and may present safety hazards as well, given the reaction conditions involved. The two protocols herein describe alternative technologies that offer solutions to these issues. Polypeptides can now be made in water at ambient temperatures using small amounts of the designer surfactant TPGS-750-M, thereby eliminating the use of organic solvents as the reaction medium. Likewise, a safe, inexpensive and efficient procedure is outlined for nitro-group reductions, using industrial iron in the form of carbonyl iron powder (CIP), an inexpensive item of commerce. The peptide synthesis will typically take, overall, 3–4 h for a simple coupling and 8 h for a two-step deprotection/coupling process. The workup usually consists of a simple extraction and acidic/basic aqueous washings. The nitro reduction procedure will typically take 6–8 h to complete, including setup, reaction time and workup.
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The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary Information files.
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M.C.-C., N.R.L. and B.H.L. wrote, reviewed and edited the manuscript.
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Gabriel, C. M., Keener, M., Gallou, F. & Lipshutz, B. H. Org. Lett. 17, 3968–3971 (2015): https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01812
Cortes-Clerget, M., Berthon, J.-Y., Krolikiewicz-Renimel, I., Chaisemartin, L. & Lipshutz, B. H. Green Chem. 19, 4263−4267 (2017): https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/gc/c7gc01575e#!divAbstract
Lee, N. R., Bikovtseva, A. A., Cortes-Clerget, M., Gallou, F. & Lipshutz, B. H. Org. Lett. 19, 6518–6521 (2017): https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03216
Video tutorials
Peptide synthesis in water—episode 1: coupling: https://youtu.be/WvRVfaR7dwM
Peptide synthesis in water—episode 2: 1-pot deprotection/coupling: https://youtu.be/eNqan3L4LrQ
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Cortes-Clerget, M., Lee, N.R. & Lipshutz, B.H. Synthetic chemistry in water: applications to peptide synthesis and nitro-group reductions. Nat Protoc 14, 1108–1129 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0130-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0130-1
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