Review Article |
Featured
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Review Article |
Endocrine autoimmune diseases and female infertility
Mounting evidence suggests that immune-mediated processes and autoimmunity affect female reproductive success. This Review summarizes the effect of individual autoimmune endocrine diseases on female fertility, and points towards selected developments expected in the near future.
- Aritro Sen
- , Vitaly A. Kushnir
- & Norbert Gleicher
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News & Views |
Bariatric surgery, weight loss and bone
The unprecedented increase in the prevalence of obesity has been followed by a rapid rise in bariatric surgery. Bone has been linked with fat metabolism. Thus, if weight loss increases the risk of osteoporosis, understanding the effect bariatric surgery has on bone health is vital. Two recent articles contribute to this area of research.
- Jacqueline R. Center
- & Chris P. White
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Research Highlight |
Low adiponectin levels before pregnancy linked with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
- Claire Greenhill
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News & Views |
ADT and acute kidney injury—causal or casual relationship?
A recent observational study has reported that androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury. As a result of limited biological plausibility and critical measured and unmeasured confounders, the reported link is more likely to be casual than causal.
- Matthew R. Smith
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News & Views |
New HLA variants could predict T1DM risk in African Americans
A recent study has identified novel African-derived haplotypes, previously unreported in white people, which predispose to or are protective against type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in African Americans. These findings could have important implications for T1DM disease risk and prognosis assessment in African Americans.
- Mary Helen Black
- & Dana Dabelea
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Research Highlight |
FTO-associated obesity risk is linked to brain food responses via modulation of ghrelin levels
- Leah Eissing
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News & Views |
Risk of venous thromboembolism with glucocorticoids
A recent nationwide case–control study found that new or continued treatment with systemic, inhaled or intestinal glucocorticoids increased the risk of venous thromboembolism. However, despite efforts to adjust for important covariates, the high potential for residual confounding might invalidate the associations.
- John A. Heit
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News & Views |
Increased fracture risk with HIV infection—a growing concern
HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy have long been associated with an increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. This predisposition has now been shown to result in a significantly increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in the HIV-infected population even after controlling for known risk factors.
- Roger Bedimo
- & Pablo Tebas
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Research Highlight |
Insulin resistance induced by binge drinking is caused by disrupted hypothalamic insulin action
- Claire Greenhill
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Review Article |
Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications
The worldwide increase in obesity has been driven by global trade liberalization, economic growth and rapid urbanization. Owing to the scope and complexity of the obesity epidemic, prevention strategies and policies across multiple levels are needed in order to have a measurable effect. Although many putative causes of the obesity epidemic exist, in this Review the effect of globalization on global trends in obesity prevalence is discussed and population-based interventions from several countries are reviewed. The authors make broad policy recommendations for obesity and chronic disease prevention at the global population level.
- Vasanti S. Malik
- , Walter C. Willett
- & Frank B. Hu
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Review Article |
Maternal adiposity—a determinant of perinatal and offspring outcomes?
Experimental and animal data suggest that maternal obesity adversely affects offspring health, but effects in humans are less clear. This Review evaluates the evidence for a causal effect of maternal increased adiposity and gestational weight gain on perinatal and long-term offspring outcomes in humans and explores the possible contribution of epigenetic modifications.
- Debbie A. Lawlor
- , Caroline Relton
- & Scott M. Nelson
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Opinion |
Rate of neonatal weight gain and effects on adult metabolic health
Early life experiences can affect cardiovascular risk and influence the development of metabolic problems later in life. In this Perspectives article, Gerthe Kerkhof and Anita Hokken-Koelega discuss how rapid weight gain in relation to length increase during the first few months of life can lead to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular problems in adults.
- Gerthe F. Kerkhof
- & Anita C. S. Hokken-Koelega
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Research Highlight |
Adding weight to the microbiota's role in obesity—exposure to antibiotics early in life can lead to increased adiposity
- Katrina Ray
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Research Highlight |
Unhealthy lifestyle and obesity explain half of socioeconomic differences in T2DM
- Iley Ozerlat
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News & Views |
Serum ferritin levels and T2DM—are body iron stores elevated?
Are high body iron stores associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Researchers from Germany suggest such an association exists, but in this population-based study, most participants had a serum ferritin level within the reference range. Furthermore, many factors contribute to serum ferritin level.
- Paul C. Adams
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News & Views |
Quitting smoking—transient risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism
Smoking is a risk factor for Graves disease. However, Carlé et al. have demonstrated that individuals have a transient increased risk of developing overt autoimmune hypothyroidism in the first 2 years after quitting smoking. The mechanisms involved in these two opposing effects of smoking on the immune system are intriguing.
- Wilmar M. Wiersinga
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Review Article |
Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy
Gestational diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy. The disease has important health implications for mother and child. This Review discusses current evidence for the importance of gestational diabetes mellitus, opportunities to reduce risk to mother and child and recommendations for clinical care.
- Thomas A. Buchanan
- , Anny H. Xiang
- & Kathleen A. Page
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Research Highlight |
High early postnatal weight gain linked to adult metabolic syndrome
- Iley Ozerlat
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News & Views |
Regional variation in lower limb amputation incidence
Holman et al. describe regional variation in lower limb amputation rates across England. In addition to confirming a >20-fold increased amputation risk associated with diabetes mellitus, they also report a 10-fold difference in amputation rates in individuals with diabetes mellitus between 151 Primary Care Trusts of the National Health Service.
- Jonathan Shaw
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Research Highlight |
Promoting a healthy lifestyle in prison inmates—a window of opportunity
- Joana Osório
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News & Views |
Hyperfiltration—a risk factor for nephropathy in T1DM?
Glomerular hyperfiltration has long been thought of as indicative of progression to albuminuria and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, a new study supports other research in the past few years that has highlighted flaws in this model for kidney disease pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
- Christos Chatzikyrkou
- & Hermann Haller
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Review Article |
Cardiovascular risk in double diabetes mellitus—when two worlds collide
Specific lifestyle factors can cause patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus to develop characteristics associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life-a concept known as 'double diabetes mellitus'. This Review discusses how to identify patients susceptible to double diabetes mellitus and suggests alterations to their clinical management that might reduce the risk of future premature coronary disease.
- Stephen J. Cleland
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News & Views |
Should we treat infection or inflammation to prevent T2DM?
Infections have been proposed as triggers of inflammation that could predispose individuals to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In a prospective cohort study, Jeon and co-workers provide evidence of a role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but mechanistic insight is needed.
- Outi Vaarala
- & Hannele Yki-Järvinen
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Review Article |
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathies as complications of diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is a subgroup of diabetic autonomic neuropathy that is a common complication of long-term diabetes mellitus and contributes to poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. This Review discusses methods for diagnosis, epidemiology, natural history and potential causes and consequences of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.
- Michael Kuehl
- & Martin J. Stevens
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Review Article |
Bone, sweet bone—osteoporotic fractures in diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the skeleton and is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. This Review provides an overview of the effects of diabetes mellitus on osteoporosis and fractures, discussing molecular and cellular data, preclinical models and human studies in the context of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical implications of impaired bone health.
- Christine Hamann
- , Stephan Kirschner
- & Lorenz C. Hofbauer
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Review Article |
Resistance to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a matter of hormesis?
This Review discusses the emerging concept that resistance to the metabolic adverse effects of lifestyle factors is mediated by an adaptive response to cellular stress, counteracting mechanisms that otherwise lead to impaired insulin signaling and β cell failure. This response exhibits characteristics of hormesis, originally described in toxicology, whereby exposure of cells, tissues or organisms to low levels of toxin induces resistance to higher toxin concentrations.
- Hubert Kolb
- & Décio L. Eizirik
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Research Highlight |
Low testosterone increases risk of cardiovascular events in women
- Claire Greenhill
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News & Views |
Risks of pituitary surgery in the elderly
Surgical resection of pituitary tumors is the treatment of choice for patients with hormone-secreting tumors or those that impair vision and other neurological functions. A recent study by Grossman et al., however, found transsphenoidal surgery to be associated with increased mortality and morbidities in elderly patients, which suggests the need for careful individualized decision-making in this vulnerable population.
- Pamela U. Freda
- & Jeffrey N. Bruce
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News & Views |
Shining a light: the role of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus
A new study shows that serum vitamin D concentration is inversely associated with HbA1c levels among adults in the US aged 35–74 years, in line with results from other observational studies. Should adults with diabetes mellitus or at risk of developing this disease take vitamin D to improve glycemia or reduce this risk?
- Joanna Mitri
- & Anastassios G. Pittas
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News & Views |
Is screening for secondary causes of osteoporosis worthwhile?
The contribution of secondary causes to low bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is unknown. A study by Cerdá Gabaroi et al. aimed to fill this gap. While the researchers found a high prevalence of secondary causes, the importance of clinical risk factors should not be underestimated in the primary care setting.
- J. Chris Gallagher
- & Adarsh J. Sai
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Review Article |
Physical therapy approaches to reduce fall and fracture risk among older adults
Falls and fall-related injuries, such as fractures, are often the cause of pain, functional impairments, reduced quality of life and excess health-care costs and mortality among older adults. This Review focuses on evidence-based physical therapy approaches for the prevention of falls and fractures, including exercise, vibration training and improvement of safety at home and during periods of mobility, and highlights the benefits of multifaceted intervention strategies.
- Saija Karinkanta
- , Maarit Piirtola
- & Pekka Kannus
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News & Views |
Risk of diabetes mellitus: should smokers quit smoking?
Smoking is known to be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effect of smoking cessation on diabetes risk, however, is not fully understood. Yeh et al. prospectively assessed the effect of quitting smoking on diabetes incidence and potential mediating factors.
- Carole Clair
- & Jacques Cornuz
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