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| Open AccessEnhancing neuronal chloride extrusion rescues α2/α3 GABAA-mediated analgesia in neuropathic pain
Disinhibition in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord may contribute to chronic pain. Here the authors show that, despite a paradoxical increase in α2/α3 subunits of the GABAA receptor in a neuropathic pain model, inhibition eventually fails due to KCC2 hypofunction.
- Louis-Etienne Lorenzo
- , Antoine G. Godin
- & Yves De Koninck
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Article
| Open AccessNatural images are reliably represented by sparse and variable populations of neurons in visual cortex
Natural scenes sparsely activate V1 neurons. Here, the authors show that a small number of active cells reliably represent visual contents of a natural image across trials regardless of response variability, due to the diverse and partially overlapping representations of individual cells.
- Takashi Yoshida
- & Kenichi Ohki
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Article
| Open AccessMaturation of the human striatal dopamine system revealed by PET and quantitative MRI
How the human dopamine system changes during adolescence is still unclear. Here, the authors combine PET and quantitative MRI measures to show that dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability decreases with age while presynaptic dopamine vesicular storage was developmentally stable by age 18
- Bart Larsen
- , Valur Olafsson
- & Beatriz Luna
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Article
| Open AccessA segregated cortical stream for retinal direction selectivity
Visual features are streamed into higher visual areas (HVAs), but how representations in HVAs are built, based on retinal output channels, is unknown. Here, the authors show that specific connectivity of cortical neurons routes retina-originated direction-selective signaling into distinct HVAs.
- Rune Rasmussen
- , Akihiro Matsumoto
- & Keisuke Yonehara
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Article
| Open AccessNeurology-related protein biomarkers are associated with cognitive ability and brain volume in older age
Late-life cognitive dysfunction is common, but the biological substrates are largely unknown. Here, the authors examined a panel of 90 neurology-related protein biomarkers and show that plasma levels of 22 of these proteins are associated with general fluid cognitive ability in later life.
- Sarah E. Harris
- , Simon R. Cox
- & Ian J. Deary
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Article
| Open AccessFinely tuned eye movements enhance visual acuity
Humans are normally not aware that their eyes are always in motion, even when attempting to maintain steady gaze on a point. Here the authors show that these small eye movements are finely controlled and contribute more than two lines in a standard eye-chart test of visual acuity.
- Janis Intoy
- & Michele Rucci
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Article
| Open AccessThe place-cell representation of volumetric space in rats
How the brain represents 3D space is poorly understood but important for understanding spatial cognition. Here the authors record place cells in rats climbing through a 3D environment and report that they represent this space with 3D fields that are elongated along the axes of the environment and encode the vertical dimension less accurately.
- Roddy M. Grieves
- , Selim Jedidi-Ayoub
- & Kate J. Jeffery
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Article
| Open AccessSeparability and geometry of object manifolds in deep neural networks
Neural activity space or manifold that represents object information changes across the layers of a deep neural network. Here the authors present a theoretical account of the relationship between the geometry of the manifolds and the classification capacity of the neural networks.
- Uri Cohen
- , SueYeon Chung
- & Haim Sompolinsky
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Article
| Open AccessBreathing is coupled with voluntary action and the cortical readiness potential
Voluntary action and free will have been associated with cortical activity, referred to as “the readiness potential” that precedes self-initiated actions by about 1 s. Here, the authors show that the involuntary and cyclic motor act of breathing is coupled with voluntary action and the readiness potential.
- Hyeong-Dong Park
- , Coline Barnoud
- & Olaf Blanke
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Article
| Open AccessGenetic influence is linked to cortical morphology in category-selective areas of visual cortex
It remains unclear whether the functional organization of the visual cortex is shaped by genetic or environmental factors. Using fMRI in twins (n = 424), these authors show that activation patterns in category-selective areas are heritable, and that the genetic effects in these areas are linked to structural properties of cortical tissue.
- Nooshin Abbasi
- , John Duncan
- & Reza Rajimehr
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Article
| Open AccessSpatiotemporal functional organization of excitatory synaptic inputs onto macaque V1 neurons
The integration of synaptic inputs onto dendrites provides the basis for neuronal computation. Here the authors perform two-photon dendritic imaging with a genetically-encoded glutamate sensor in awake monkeys, and map the excitatory synaptic inputs on dendrites of individual V1 superficial layer neurons with high spatial and temporal resolution.
- Niansheng Ju
- , Yang Li
- & Shiming Tang
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Article
| Open AccessFormat-dependent and format-independent representation of sequential and simultaneous numerosity in the crow endbrain
Numbers are processed as abstract categories, despite considerable variations in presentation formats. By recording single-neuron activity in behaving crows, the authors show successive format-dependent and format-independent numerosity codes in the avian endbrain.
- Helen M. Ditz
- & Andreas Nieder
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Article
| Open AccessDirect electrical stimulation of the premotor cortex shuts down awareness of voluntary actions
Here, using electrical stimulation on patients undergoing awake brain surgery, the authors show that disruption of the premotor cortex makes patients unconscious of motor arrest. This finding suggests the premotor cortex is crucial for motor awareness.
- Luca Fornia
- , Guglielmo Puglisi
- & Francesca Garbarini
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Article
| Open AccessTracking regional brain growth up to age 13 in children born term and very preterm
In this longitudinal study, the authors tracked the course of brain development from birth to adolescence (age 13 years) and examined the effects of very preterm birth. Very preterm children showed slower brain growth from age 0 (term equivalent) to age 7.
- Deanne K. Thompson
- , Lillian G. Matthews
- & Peter J. Anderson
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Article
| Open AccessExceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study
APOE is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. In a large number of neuropathologically confirmed cases and controls, the impact of different APOE genotypes on Alzheimer’s dementia risk was greater than previously thought and APOE2 homozygotes had an exceptionally low risk.
- Eric M. Reiman
- , Joseph F. Arboleda-Velasquez
- & Yi Zhao
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Article
| Open AccessNeuronal ensemble-specific DNA methylation strengthens engram stability
Memories are encoded within neuronal ensembles activated during learning. Here the authors show that DNA methylation within neuronal ensembles contributes to the stability of the memory trace, and increases the likelihood of neuronal ensemble reactivation during retrieval.
- Kubra Gulmez Karaca
- , Janina Kupke
- & Ana M. M. Oliveira
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Article
| Open AccessEarly life experiences selectively mature learning and memory abilities
The mechanisms underlying the maturation of learning and memory abilities are poorly understood. Here, authors show that episodic learning produces persistent neuronal activation, BDNF-dependent increase in excitatory synapse markers (synaptophysin and PSD-95), and significant maturation of AMPA receptor synaptic responses in the hippocampus of infant rats and mice compared to juveniles and adults.
- Benjamin Bessières
- , Alessio Travaglia
- & Cristina M. Alberini
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Article
| Open AccessFast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of face processing in the human temporal cortex
Neuronal populations in the temporal cortex fire show increased activity in response to face stimuli. Here, the authors show using human intracranial recordings that face perception involves anatomically discrete but temporally distributed response profiles in the human ventral temporal cortex.
- Jessica Schrouff
- , Omri Raccah
- & Josef Parvizi
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Article
| Open AccessFibrinogen induces neural stem cell differentiation into astrocytes in the subventricular zone via BMP signaling
The molecular mechanisms regulating adult neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation following damage of the central nervous system are unclear. Here, the authors show that fibrinogen is a regulator of the adult neural stem/progenitor cell switch from neurogenesis to astrogenesis in a model of stroke
- Lauriane Pous
- , Sachin S. Deshpande
- & Christian Schachtrup
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Article
| Open AccessThe anterior insular cortex unilaterally controls feeding in response to aversive visceral stimuli in mice
Food intake can be attenuated by visceral aversive stimuli in pathological conditions. Here the authors identify a unilateral neural circuit from the CamKII-positive neurons in the anterior insular cortex to the vGluT2-positive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus that controls feeding responses to visceral aversive stimuli.
- Yu Wu
- , Changwan Chen
- & Shuang Qiu
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Article
| Open AccessStructural insights into selective interaction between type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases and Liprin-α
Synaptic organizers are cell-adhesion molecules capable of inducing synaptic differentiation through transsynaptic interactions. Here the authors present the crystal structure of the intracellular interaction between the synaptic organizer PTPδ and Liprin-α to reveal the structural mechanism of intracellular molecular interactions for IIa-RPTP-mediated synapse formation.
- Maiko Wakita
- , Atsushi Yamagata
- & Shuya Fukai
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Article
| Open AccessNon-invasive recording from the human olfactory bulb
Measures of neural processing can be obtained non-invasively from all areas of the human brain but one, the olfactory bulb. Here, the authors show that signals obtained from EEG electrodes at the nasal bridge represent responses from the human olfactory bulb, the so-called Electrobulbogram.
- Behzad Iravani
- , Artin Arshamian
- & Johan N. Lundström
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Article
| Open AccessImaging brain activity during complex social behaviors in Drosophila with Flyception2
In vivo recordings of free-moving Drosophila neural activity are limited to clearly-separated flies in a stable focal plane. Here the authors improved on their Flyception imaging system to remove these constraints, and image neural activity in the male fly brain during various stages of the mating sequence.
- Dhruv Grover
- , Takeo Katsuki
- & Ralph J. Greenspan
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Article
| Open AccessLoss-of-function mutations in UDP-Glucose 6-Dehydrogenase cause recessive developmental epileptic encephalopathy
UDP-glucuronic acid is a component of the extracellular matrix. Here, the authors report biallelic variants in the gene encoding UDP-Glucose 6-Dehydrogenase (UGDH) in individuals affected by developmental epileptic encephalopathies that impair UGDH stability, oligomerization, or enzymatic activity in vitro.
- Holger Hengel
- , Célia Bosso-Lefèvre
- & Bruno Reversade
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Article
| Open AccessPositive surface charge of GluN1 N-terminus mediates the direct interaction with EphB2 and NMDAR mobility
NMDA receptors undergo constant cycling into and out of the postsynaptic density. Here authors show that NMDAR's GluN1 subunit is required to maintain NMDARs at dendritic spine synapses by direct extracellular interaction with the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2.
- Halley R. Washburn
- , Nan L. Xia
- & Matthew B. Dalva
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Article
| Open AccessSpatial attention enhances network, cellular and subthreshold responses in mouse visual cortex
Extensive research in primates shows that attention to space improves behavioural performance as well as neural responses to stimuli in that location. Here, the authors establish a visual spatial attention task in mice and report on attentional modulation of behaviour, as well as neural correlates from subthreshold responses in single cells to spikes and LFP at network level.
- Anderson Speed
- , Joseph Del Rosario
- & Bilal Haider
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Article
| Open AccessYAP-dependent necrosis occurs in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease and regulates mouse model pathology
The precise mechanisms of neuronal cell death in neurodegeneration are not fully understood. Here the authors show that YAP-mediated neuronal necrosis is increased in pre-symptomatic stages of Alzheimer’s disease and intervention to the necrosis rescues extracellular Aβ aggregation and symptoms in a mouse model.
- Hikari Tanaka
- , Hidenori Homma
- & Hitoshi Okazawa
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Article
| Open AccessDistinct temporal integration of noradrenaline signaling by astrocytic second messengers during vigilance
Astrocytic GPCRs activate Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways, however, the in vivo dynamics of the two second messengers have not been fully been characterized. The authors demonstrate distinct noradrenaline-induced astrocytic Ca2+ and cAMP dynamics during startle and fear conditioning.
- Yuki Oe
- , Xiaowen Wang
- & Hajime Hirase
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Article
| Open AccessNr4a1 suppresses cocaine-induced behavior via epigenetic regulation of homeostatic target genes
The regulation of gene expression underlies many forms of learning and behaviour in the mammalian brain. Carpenter et al. define a molecular mechanism whereby Nr4a1 activation leads to persistent changes in gene expression, chromatin and behaviour, in the context of cocaine abstinence.
- Marco D. Carpenter
- , Qiwen Hu
- & Elizabeth A. Heller
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Article
| Open AccessFICD activity and AMPylation remodelling modulate human neurogenesis
Protein AMPylation is a post-translational modification whose implications in cellular physiology are not fully understood. Here the authors develop a cell-permeable AMPylation probe and use it to identify new AMP modified proteins and investigate the role of FICD in neuronal differentiation using cerebral organoids.
- Pavel Kielkowski
- , Isabel Y. Buchsbaum
- & Stephan A. Sieber
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Article
| Open AccessDisruption of auto-inhibition underlies conformational signaling of ASIC1a to induce neuronal necroptosis
Acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) mediates acidic neuronal necroptosis via recruiting receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). Here authors show that auto-inhibition of ASICa prevents RIPK1 recruitment and demonstrate that targeting the auto-inhibition has therapeutic potential to prevent acidotoxicity.
- Jing-Jing Wang
- , Fan Liu
- & Tian-Le Xu
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Article
| Open AccessInhibition of histone deacetylation rescues phenotype in a mouse model of Birk-Barel intellectual disability syndrome
Birk-Barel intellectual disability is an imprinting syndrome due to maternally-only transmitted mutations of KCNK9/TASK3. Here authors are using a heterozygous deletion of the active maternal Kcnk9 allele to model the disease and show phenotypic rescue by HDAC inhibition.
- Alexis Cooper
- , Tamer Butto
- & Susann Schweiger
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Article
| Open AccessDissecting transcriptomic signatures of neuronal differentiation and maturation using iPSCs
Here, authors present results of a hiPSC transcriptomics study on corticogenesis from multiple donors across four transitions in differentiation. They present a bulk data deconvolution method and show that co-culturing human NPCs with rodent astrocytes results in mutually synergistic maturation.
- Emily E. Burke
- , Joshua G. Chenoweth
- & Andrew E. Jaffe
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Article
| Open AccessNeural dynamics of the attentional blink revealed by encoding orientation selectivity during rapid visual presentation
People often fail to perceive the second of two brief visual targets, a phenomenon known as the attentional blink (AB). Here the authors modelled behaviour and brain activity to show that the AB arises from short- and long-range interactions between representations of elementary visual features.
- Matthew F. Tang
- , Lucy Ford
- & Jason B. Mattingley
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Article
| Open AccessNPY mediates the rapid feeding and glucose metabolism regulatory functions of AgRP neurons
AgRP-expressing neurons regulate feeding, glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity, but the neurotransmitters that mediate these effects are unclear. Here the authors show that neuropeptide Y in these neurons regulates rapid feeding responses and insulin sensitivity, but not locomotor activity.
- Linda Engström Ruud
- , Mafalda M. A. Pereira
- & Jens C. Brüning
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Article
| Open AccessPersistent activation of central amygdala CRF neurons helps drive the immediate fear extinction deficit
Learned conditioned fear associations can be weakened (extinction learning), but extinction is less effective if performed too soon after the original fear conditioning. Here, the authors show that persistent activation of CRF-expressing neurons in the central amygdala is involved in the early fear extinction deficit.
- Yong S. Jo
- , Vijay Mohan K. Namboodiri
- & Larry S. Zweifel
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Article
| Open AccessStructural basis of subtype-selective competitive antagonism for GluN2C/2D-containing NMDA receptors
Selectively inhibiting N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) containing the GluN2C/2D subunits has been challenging. Here, using electrophysiology and X-ray crystallography, authors show that compounds UBP791 and UBP1700 show over 40- and 50-fold selectivity for GluN2C/2D compared to GluN2A.
- Jue Xiang Wang
- , Mark W. Irvine
- & Hiro Furukawa
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Article
| Open AccessFAM222A encodes a protein which accumulates in plaques in Alzheimer’s disease
In this study the authors identify a possible link between the gene FAM222A and brain atrophy. The protein it encodes is found to accumulate in plaques seen in Alzheimer’s disease, and functional analysis suggests it interacts with amyloid-beta.
- Tingxiang Yan
- , Jingjing Liang
- & Xinglong Wang
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Article
| Open AccessPrecapillary sphincters maintain perfusion in the cerebral cortex
Precapillary sphincters are mural cells encircling an indentation of blood vessels where capillaries branch off from penetrating arterioles (PAs), but their existence and role in the brain is not fully understood. Here authors describe these structures at PAs in the cortex and show that they constrict during cortical spreading depolarization in mice.
- Søren Grubb
- , Changsi Cai
- & Martin Lauritzen
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Article
| Open AccessFunctional brain architecture is associated with the rate of tau accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease
Tau accumulation is associated with disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease. Here the authors use resting state fMRI and tau-PET to demonstrate that baseline connectivity in Alzheimer's disease is associated with tau spreading.
- Nicolai Franzmeier
- , Julia Neitzel
- & Balebail Ashok Raj
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Article
| Open AccessCerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans
Mechanisms behind molecular transport from cerebrospinal fluid to dural lymphatic vessels remain unknown. This study demonstrates that trans-arachnoid molecular passage does occur and suggests that parasagittal dura may serve as a bridging link between human brain and dural lymphatic vessels.
- Geir Ringstad
- & Per Kristian Eide
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Article
| Open AccessMicroglial activation increases cocaine self-administration following adolescent nicotine exposure
Adolescents are particularly sensitive to nicotine. Here the authors show that in mice, microglial activation contributes to the enhanced sensitivity to cocaine caused by nicotine exposure in young mice.
- K. E. Linker
- , M. Gad
- & F. M. Leslie
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Article
| Open AccessWord contexts enhance the neural representation of individual letters in early visual cortex
Letters are more easily identified when embedded in a word. Here, the authors show that word contexts can enhance letter information in early visual cortex, suggesting that the advantage offered by words occurs already during early perceptual processing.
- Micha Heilbron
- , David Richter
- & Floris P. de Lange
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Article
| Open AccessNeural circuits underlying auditory contrast gain control and their perceptual implications
Auditory contrast gain control helps us perceive sounds as constant despite changes in the environment or background noise. Here, the authors show that neurons in the auditory thalamus and midbrain of mice display independent contrast gain control, not just the cortex as previously thought.
- Michael Lohse
- , Victoria M. Bajo
- & Ben D. B. Willmore
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Article
| Open AccessThe epichaperome is a mediator of toxic hippocampal stress and leads to protein connectivity-based dysfunction
The biology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unknown. We propose AD is a protein connectivity-based dysfunction disorder whereby a switch of the chaperome into epichaperomes rewires proteome-wide connectivity, leading to brain circuitry malfunction that can be corrected by novel therapeutics.
- Maria Carmen Inda
- , Suhasini Joshi
- & Gabriela Chiosis
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Article
| Open AccessElectrophysiological dynamics of antagonistic brain networks reflect attentional fluctuations
Brain imaging studies suggest that specific, large-scale, cortical networks show antagonistic activity with one another. Here, the authors studied the dynamics of these networks using implanted electrodes in the human brain, revealing that the coordination of inter-network dynamics on fast time scales relates to fluctuations in attention.
- Aaron Kucyi
- , Amy Daitch
- & Josef Parvizi
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Article
| Open AccessHominin-specific regulatory elements selectively emerged in oligodendrocytes and are disrupted in autism patients
The understanding of the changes regulating gene expression relevant for the emergence of the human brain and its susceptibility to disease is limited. Here, the authors identified a set of regulatory elements that evolved in hominins affecting oligodendrocyte function, and link these to autism.
- Bas Castelijns
- , Mirna L. Baak
- & Menno P. Creyghton
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Article
| Open AccessAn efficient analytical reduction of detailed nonlinear neuron models
Realistic simulations of neurons and neural networks are key for understanding neural computations. Here the authors describe Neuron_Reduce, an analytic approach to simplify neurons receiving thousands of synapses and accelerate their simulations by 40–250 folds, while preserving voltage dynamics and dendritic computations.
- Oren Amsalem
- , Guy Eyal
- & Idan Segev
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Article
| Open AccessSynaptic density marker SV2A is reduced in schizophrenia patients and unaffected by antipsychotics in rats
Synaptic dysfunction is hypothesised to play a key role in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Here, using [11C]UCB-J PET, the authors show for the first time in vivo that levels of the synaptic marker protein SV2A are reduced in schizophrenia and unaffected by antipsychotic treatment in a rat model.
- Ellis Chika Onwordi
- , Els F. Halff
- & Oliver D. Howes
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