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Position- and scale-invariant object-centered spatial localization in monkey frontoparietal cortex dynamically adapts to cognitive demand
The neural basis of spatial localization is poorly understood. Here the authors showed that when planning a reach towards an object, neural coding in the frontoparietal network dynamically changes between allocentric and egocentric spatial reference frames where the transition is controlled by task demands.
- Bahareh Taghizadeh
- , Ole Fortmann
- & Alexander Gail
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Subthalamic stimulation modulates context-dependent effects of beta bursts during fine motor control
How movement speed is neurally modulated remains poorly understood. Here, the authors recorded invasive brain signals in Parkinson’s disease patients during drawing and deep brain stimulation, showing a context-dependent relationship between reductions of movement acceleration and dynamic activity of the basal ganglia.
- Manuel Bange
- , Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- & Sergiu Groppa
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Multiplicative joint coding in preparatory activity for reaching sequence in macaque motor cortex
Understanding the link between multiple movement elements and sequence-related responses in the motor cortex remains elusive. This study reveals a multiplicative joint coding mechanism during motor preparation which transfers to additive during execution, potentially explaining the linear readout of elemental movements.
- Tianwei Wang
- , Yun Chen
- & He Cui
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A cerebro-cerebellar network for learning visuomotor associations
The extent of cerebellar contributions to non-motor learning remains unclear. Here, authors identify a cortico-cerebellar circuit in primates that plays a causal role in reinforcement-based learning of visuomotor associations.
- Naveen Sendhilnathan
- , Andreea C. Bostan
- & Michael E. Goldberg
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Associations between handedness and brain functional connectivity patterns in children
Handedness is thought to be associated with brain asymmetry. Here, the authors show distinct brain functional connectivity associated with left- vs. right-handed children, shedding light on early neural organization and its relationship with handedness.
- Dardo Tomasi
- & Nora D. Volkow
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Organization of reward and movement signals in the basal ganglia and cerebellum
How the brain transforms reward information into actions remains poorly understood. Here, the authors found that reward expectation and sensorimotor signals are more pronounced in the output of the basal ganglia than its input or the cerebellar cortex, implying that the transformation of reward signals into motor signals is not hierarchically organized.
- Noga Larry
- , Gil Zur
- & Mati Joshua
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Functional plasticity of glutamatergic neurons of medullary reticular nuclei after spinal cord injury in mice
Spinal cord injury disrupts the descending command from the brain necessary for locomotion. Here, the authors show the functional plasticity of glutamatergic reticulospinal neurons and how their recruitment can enhance spontaneous motor recovery.
- Maxime Lemieux
- , Narges Karimi
- & Frederic Bretzner
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Inhibitory medial zona incerta pathway drives exploratory behavior by inhibiting glutamatergic cuneiform neurons
The cuneiform nucleus regulates locomotor activity. Here the authors show that this nucleus has a more context-dependent role than previously thought, whereby GABAergic projections from the zona incerta act to promote exploratory behaviour in mice.
- Sandeep Sharma
- , Cecilia A. Badenhorst
- & Patrick J. Whelan
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Dual electrical stimulation at spinal-muscular interface reconstructs spinal sensorimotor circuits after spinal cord injury
Electrical signals with characteristic parameters for reconstructing neural circuits remain incompletely understood, limiting the therapeutic potential of electrical neuromodulation techniques. Here, the authors demonstrate that dual electrical stimulation at 10–20 Hz rebuilds the spinal sensorimotor neural circuit after spinal cord injury, indicating the characteristic signals of circuit remodeling.
- Kai Zhou
- , Wei Wei
- & Yaobo Liu
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Midbrain node for context-specific vocalisation in fish
The midbrain is a major site for gating vocalization in vertebrates. Here, the authors show midbrain periaqueductal gray neurons in teleost fish with properties like those in mammals, sculpt the acoustic features of context-specific vocal signals.
- Eric R. Schuppe
- , Irene Ballagh
- & Andrew H. Bass
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Efficient generation of a self-organizing neuromuscular junction model from human pluripotent stem cells
Here, Urzi et al. pioneered a 2D self-organizing neuromuscular junction (soNMJ) model from human pluripotent stem cells, with implications for neuromuscular disease modeling and drug screening approaches.
- Alessia Urzi
- , Ines Lahmann
- & Mina Gouti
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Article
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Heterogeneous encoding of temporal stimuli in the cerebellar cortex
The frontal cortex shows intricate feedback and feedforward connectivity, but other brain areas such as the cerebellum are thought to exhibit simpler activity profiles. Here, the authors show that rodent cerebellar cortex supports heterogeneity in task-related neuronal activity at a scale similar to that in the cerebral cortex.
- Chris. I. De Zeeuw
- , Julius Koppen
- & Devika Narain
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Article
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Superior colliculus bidirectionally modulates choice activity in frontal cortex
Multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions are implicated in decision-making, yet their causal interactions remain unclear. Here, the authors identified cellular and circuit interactions that bias cortical decision-making dynamics and behavior.
- Alyse Thomas
- , Weiguo Yang
- & Nuo Li
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Article
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Microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex evokes task-dependent, spatially patterned responses in motor cortex
Here the authors record the responses evoked in the hand and arm representations of M1 during intracortical microstimulation in the hand representation of S1, and show somatotopically organized connections with motor cortex. The resulting interference with motor decoding is task dependent but can be alleviated by using biomimetic stimulation.
- Natalya D. Shelchkova
- , John E. Downey
- & Sliman J. Bensmaia
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High-resolution neural recordings improve the accuracy of speech decoding
Previous work has shown speech decoding in the human brain for the development of neural speech prostheses. Here the authors show that high density µECoG electrodes can record at micro-scale spatial resolution to improve neural speech decoding.
- Suseendrakumar Duraivel
- , Shervin Rahimpour
- & Gregory B. Cogan
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Neural control of lexical tone production in human laryngeal motor cortex
In tonal languages, modulation of pitch distinguishes words with different meaning. Here the authors investigate neural mechanisms of pitch control during lexical tone production in Mandarin-speaking participants.
- Junfeng Lu
- , Yuanning Li
- & Edward F. Chang
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Acetylcholine waves and dopamine release in the striatum
Dopamine release occurs in spatiotemporal waves. Here the authors propose that dopamine waves arise locally in the striatum, and provide evidence for striatal acetylcholine waves.
- Lior Matityahu
- , Naomi Gilin
- & Joshua A. Goldberg
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Presynaptic gating of monkey proprioceptive signals for proper motor action
The role of presynaptic modulation on peripheral sensory input during voluntary movement is unclear. Here, the authors found it flexibly facilitates and suppresses proprioceptive input to the monkey’s spinal cord, relevant to motor behavior.
- Saeka Tomatsu
- , GeeHee Kim
- & Kazuhiko Seki
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A non-canonical striatopallidal Go pathway that supports motor control
The basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways are classically described as anatomically segregated and functionally opposing. Here the authors describe a non-canonical direct pathway made of axon collaterals to the globus pallidus that promotes motor action.
- Marie A. Labouesse
- , Arturo Torres-Herraez
- & Christoph Kellendonk
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Frontal cortex activity during the production of diverse social communication calls in marmoset monkeys
In nonhuman primates, the role of frontal cortex in vocal production is unclear. Using wireless recording techniques in marmosets in a naturalistic social context, here the authors show that frontal cortex neural signals show distinct patterns for different call types.
- Lingyun Zhao
- & Xiaoqin Wang
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Initial conditions combine with sensory evidence to induce decision-related dynamics in premotor cortex
It remains unclear why some decisions take longer than others even when the sensory inputs are similar. Here, the authors show that both initial neural state and sensory input combine in the premotor cortex to influence the speed and geometry of neural population activity during decisions.
- Pierre O. Boucher
- , Tian Wang
- & Chandramouli Chandrasekaran
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Large-scale capture of hidden fluorescent labels for training generalizable markerless motion capture models
Deep learning-based models for tracking behavior are often constrained by manual annotation. Here, authors present GlowTrack, an approach using fluorescence to generate large and diverse training sets that improve model robustness and tracking coverage.
- Daniel J. Butler
- , Alexander P. Keim
- & Eiman Azim
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The spatial and temporal structure of neural activity across the fly brain
Neuropil regions across the fly brain are activated by locomotion. Here, authors show that this movement-related activity involves most neurons in the dorsal fly brain, including genetically defined neurons with known, seemingly unrelated functions.
- Evan S. Schaffer
- , Neeli Mishra
- & Richard Axel
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The respective activation and silencing of striatal direct and indirect pathway neurons support behavior encoding
Inferring behavior encoding in the striatum is limited by divergent conclusions from correlative and causative experiments. Here, the authors show that behaviors are signaled by concomitant activations and inhibitions of direct and indirect pathway neurons.
- Christophe Varin
- , Amandine Cornil
- & Alban de Kerchove d’Exaerde
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Dynamic spatial coding in parietal cortex mediates tactile-motor transformation
The neural coding of tactile processing and movement planning in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is not well understood. Here, the authors show a distinction between anatomical and spatial location coding in the anterior and posterior PPC respectively during sensory processing, and that the PPC dynamically integrates this information with task requirements to derive a movement goal in space during motor planning.
- Janina Klautke
- , Celia Foster
- & Tobias Heed
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Article
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Purkinje cell microzones mediate distinct kinematics of a single movement
Purkinje cells form a diverse population, but how diversity contributes to cerebellar behavior is not fully understood. Here, the authors reveal how nuances in molecular signatures correlate with electrophysiological, anatomical, and ultimately functional differences among Purkinje cell subpopulations.
- François G. C. Blot
- , Joshua J. White
- & Martijn Schonewille
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Article
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Conformal in-ear bioelectronics for visual and auditory brain-computer interfaces
In-ear visual and auditory brain-computer interfaces typically have issues with poor interfacial adhesion or user irritation. Here, Wang et al. presents an in-ear hollow bioelectronic device that adaptively conforms to the ear canal, under electrothermal actuation, for electroencephalogram sensing.
- Zhouheng Wang
- , Nanlin Shi
- & Xue Feng
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Article
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Reinforcement learning establishes a minimal metacognitive process to monitor and control motor learning performance
Metacognition is fundamental for regulating learning speeds and memory retention. Here, the authors demonstrate that reinforcement learning mediates this process in implicit motor learning, maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments.
- Taisei Sugiyama
- , Nicolas Schweighofer
- & Jun Izawa
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Behavioral decomposition reveals rich encoding structure employed across neocortex in rats
Active movement drives neural activity throughout cortex, but it is unclear how different cortical systems might use such signals. Here, the authors shed light on this by mapping how sensory and motor cortical areas encode naturalistic 3D behavior.
- Bartul Mimica
- , Tuçe Tombaz
- & Jonathan R. Whitlock
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Striatal cholinergic interneuron membrane voltage tracks locomotor rhythms in mice
Behaviorally relevant neural rhythms have been mainly studied at the neural population level. Here, the authors show that subthreshold membrane voltage delta-frequency oscillations in individual striatal cholinergic neurons modulate spike timing, striatal network beta rhythmicity, and track patterned stepping movement.
- Sanaya N. Shroff
- , Eric Lowet
- & Xue Han
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Rare phenomena of central rhythm and pattern generation in a case of complete spinal cord injury
The existence of dedicated spinal circuits generating locomotion in humans has remained controversial. Here, the authors study distinct forms of spontaneous and induced rhythmic leg activity in a paralyzed individual, providing insight into spinal rhythmogenesis and pattern formation.
- Karen Minassian
- , Aymeric Bayart
- & Ursula S. Hofstoetter
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Robust cortical encoding of 3D tongue shape during feeding in macaques
Little is known about how the brain encodes—and ultimately drives—the tongue’s 3D deformation. Here, the authors successfully decoded complex tongue deformation from sensorimotor cortex neurons, suggesting a cortical representation of 3D tongue shape.
- Jeffrey D. Laurence-Chasen
- , Callum F. Ross
- & Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos
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Upregulation of breathing rate during running exercise by central locomotor circuits in mice
The neuronal basis for respiratory augmentation during running is poorly understood. Here, the authors identify two neuronal pathways by which the central locomotor network can upregulate respiratory rate in running mice.
- Coralie Hérent
- , Séverine Diem
- & Julien Bouvier
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Distributing task-related neural activity across a cortical network through task-independent connections
Large scale neural recordings show that task-related activity is observed across neural circuits. Here, the authors have identified a network mechanism that promotes distributed activity in the cortex during decision-making via task-independent synapses.
- Christopher M. Kim
- , Arseny Finkelstein
- & Ran Darshan
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Article
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Glutamatergic cerebellar neurons differentially contribute to the acquisition of motor and social behaviors
Cerebellar injury in early life can impair the development of motor and social behaviors. Here, the authors show that cerebellar cell types are differentially important for the acquisition of these behaviors in pups and adult mice.
- Meike E. van der Heijden
- , Alejandro G. Rey Hipolito
- & Roy V. Sillitoe
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Article
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Task-specific modulation of corticospinal neuron activity during motor learning in mice
Corticospinal activity is temporally coded with precise movements in mice. Here the authors investigate the role of corticospinal neuron activity in motor cortex during the learning of either a precise or imprecise task.
- Najet Serradj
- , Francesca Marino
- & Edmund Hollis
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Article
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Purkinje cell dopaminergic inputs to astrocytes regulate cerebellar-dependent behavior
The role of dopamine in the cerebellum remains relatively unexplored. Here, the authors report a dopamine system in the cerebellum in mice, where Purkinje cells supply dopamine and Bergmann glia express D1 receptors. Activation of D1 receptors is found to modulate Purkinje cell activity and to affect locomotor and social behaviors.
- Chang Li
- , Natalie B. Saliba
- & Wei Li
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Biomechanics and neural circuits for vestibular-induced fine postural control in larval zebrafish
The postural control mechanism in fish is unclear. Here, authors show that larval zebrafish recover upright posture after roll tilts by a body bend that produces corrective rotational torque. They also reveal the associated neural circuits and muscles.
- Takumi Sugioka
- , Masashi Tanimoto
- & Shin-ichi Higashijima
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Parabrachial tachykinin1-expressing neurons involved in state-dependent breathing control
Breathing is controlled automatically but is also conditionally integrated with behavior and emotion in awake animals. Here, authors identify brainstem neurons that are important for controlling awake-state-dependent breathing patterns in mice.
- Joseph W. Arthurs
- , Anna J. Bowen
- & Nathan A. Baertsch
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Article
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Deconstructing the modular organization and real-time dynamics of mammalian spinal locomotor networks
Where and how the command signal for initiation of locomotion is integrated in the spinal cord has remained unresolved. Here, the authors uncover the functional chain of this signal from the brainstem locomotor command areas to neurons in the spinal cord.
- Li-Ju Hsu
- , Maëlle Bertho
- & Ole Kiehn
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Article
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Cerebro-cerebellar networks facilitate learning through feedback decoupling
Behavioral feedback is critical for learning, but it is often not available. Here, the authors introduce a deep learning model in which the cerebellum provides the cerebrum with feedback predictions, thereby facilitating learning, reducing dysmetria, and making several experimental predictions.
- Ellen Boven
- , Joseph Pemberton
- & Rui Ponte Costa
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Article
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Synaptic basis of a sub-second representation of time in a neural circuit model
Neural circuit dynamics are thought to drive temporally precise actions. Here, the authors used a theoretical approach to show that synapses endowed with diverse short-term plasticity can act as tunable timers sufficient to generate rich neural dynamics.
- A. Barri
- , M. T. Wiechert
- & D. A. DiGregorio
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Article
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Dynamic control of decision and movement speed in the human basal ganglia
The neural mechanisms determining the speed of decisions and movements in the human brain remain poorly understood. Here, the authors reveal that the subthalamic nucleus causally controls decision and movement speed independently for each hemisphere.
- Damian M. Herz
- , Manuel Bange
- & Peter Brown
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Article
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Conserved structures of neural activity in sensorimotor cortex of freely moving rats allow cross-subject decoding
Conservation of the neural code across subjects is crucial for training brain-computer interfaces. Through alignment of neural manifolds, the authors show cross-subject generalization in the decoding of unconstrained behavior from sensorimotor cortex.
- Svenja Melbaum
- , Eleonora Russo
- & Ilka Diester
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Article
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Real-time brain-machine interface in non-human primates achieves high-velocity prosthetic finger movements using a shallow feedforward neural network decoder
Despite the rapid progress and interest in brain-machine interfaces that restore motor function, the performance of prosthetic fingers and limbs has yet to mimic native function. Here, the authors demonstrate that shallow-layer neural network decoders outperform and enable higher velocity finger movements than the current linear decoding standard.
- Matthew S. Willsey
- , Samuel R. Nason-Tomaszewski
- & Cynthia A. Chestek
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Article
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Generalizable spelling using a speech neuroprosthesis in an individual with severe limb and vocal paralysis
Previous work has described a neuroprosthesis to directly decode full words in real time during attempts to speak. Here the authors demonstrate that a patient with anarthria can control this neuroprosthesis to spell out intended messages in real time using attempts to silently speak.
- Sean L. Metzger
- , Jessie R. Liu
- & Edward F. Chang
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Article
| Open Access
A hypothalamic dopamine locus for psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion in mice
The psychostimulant-sensitive neural mechanism linking the circadian clock to locomotion is unknown. Here, hypothalamic A14 neurons are shown to time diurnal activity by entraining the lateral septum, and their activity is shown to be sensitive to amphetamine.
- Solomiia Korchynska
- , Patrick Rebernik
- & Roman A. Romanov
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Article
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Neural probe system for behavioral neuropharmacology by bi-directional wireless drug delivery and electrophysiology in socially interacting mice
Technologies for monitoring electrophysiological effects of drugs in behaving animals have limitations. Here the authors report a wireless neural probe system with drug delivery capability for real-time monitoring of drug effects.
- Yousang Yoon
- , Hyogeun Shin
- & Il-Joo Cho
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Article
| Open Access
Small, correlated changes in synaptic connectivity may facilitate rapid motor learning
How animals are able to rapidly adapt their behaviour to changing environmental demands remains poorly understood. Here, the authors use a modelling approach to show that synaptic plasticity in motor cortex may underlie rapid motor learning, demonstrating that small, correlated connectivity changes that preserve neural covariance are highly effective in driving behavioural adaptation.
- Barbara Feulner
- , Matthew G. Perich
- & Claudia Clopath
Kalium channelrhodopsins effectively inhibit neurons