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| Open AccessNeurovascular coupling during hypercapnia in cerebral blood flow regulation
Neuronal activity consumes cellular energy and generates carbon dioxide (CO2). To counter this metabolic challenge, synaptic signalling communicates with nearby microvasculature to increase local blood flow. Is this process solely based on feedforward synaptic signalling, or is the generated CO2 also involved? This question was addressed in mice in a new Nature Communications publication by Tournissac and colleagues where they showed that neurovascular coupling is not affected by exogenous CO2 or its associated acidification.
- Grant R. Gordon
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Article
| Open AccessNeurovascular coupling and CO2 interrogate distinct vascular regulations
A remerging hypothesis suggests that CO2 generated by neuronal metabolism contributes to neurovascular coupling (NVC). Here, the authors show that NVC is unaffected by the acidification of the entire arteriolar column during cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, demonstrating that CO2 is not a mediator of NVC.
- Marine Tournissac
- , Emmanuelle Chaigneau
- & Serge Charpak
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Article
| Open AccessAcetyl-DL-leucine in two individuals with REM sleep behavior disorder improves symptoms, reverses loss of striatal dopamine-transporter binding and stabilizes pathological metabolic brain pattern—case reports
Clinical trials with N-acetyl-L-leucine showed beneficial effects in lysosomal diseases. Here, the authors investigate a disease modifying effect of acetyl-DL-leucine in 2 patients with REM sleep behavior disorder, a prodrome of Parkinson’s disease, and report improvements in neurological symptoms and imaging biomarkers.
- Wolfgang H. Oertel
- , Annette Janzen
- & Michael Strupp
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Article
| Open AccessInvestigating the shared genetic architecture between depression and subcortical volumes
Depression affects millions of people worldwide. Here, the authors show a substantial polygenic overlap between depression and brain subcortical volumes, identifying 44 shared loci.
- Mengge Liu
- , Lu Wang
- & Feng Liu
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Article
| Open AccessFeedforward inhibition of stress by brainstem neuropeptide Y neurons
Resistance to stress is vital for survival. Here the authors identify a group of anxiolytic NPY(NPYDRN/vlPAG) neurons that alleviate stress-induced hypophagia and anxiety, revealing a feedforward inhibition mechanism underlying stress resistance.
- Yan Zhang
- , Jiayi Shen
- & Tiemin Liu
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Article
| Open AccessCompetitive processes shape multi-synapse plasticity along dendritic segments
How synaptic plasticity is determined by neighboring synapses sharing and competing for resources is not fully understood. By combining experimental and modelling methods, the authors show that spine plasticity outcome is subject to cluster size of active spines where edge spines outcompete middle spines.
- Thomas E. Chater
- , Maximilian F. Eggl
- & Tatjana Tchumatchenko
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Article
| Open AccessDisinhibition enables vocal repertoire expansion after a critical period
Motor skill acquisition decreases with age, as seen in zebra finches whose songs become fixed after a critical period. By manipulating inhibitory neurons in adult finches, the authors restored vocal plasticity, allowing the birds to learn new syllables without affecting existing ones.
- Fabian Heim
- , Ezequiel Mendoza
- & Daniela Vallentin
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Article
| Open AccessA framework for the emergence and analysis of language in social learning agents
Internal representations are crucial for solving tasks for natural and artificial agents. Here, using reinforcement learning and artificial neural networks, the authors present a framework to analyze the formation of individual and shared abstractions and their impact on task performance.
- Tobias J. Wieczorek
- , Tatjana Tchumatchenko
- & Maximilian F. Eggl
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Article
| Open AccessUltraconformable cuff implants for long-term bidirectional interfacing of peripheral nerves at sub-nerve resolutions
Nerve interfaces have the potential to deliver therapythroughout the body by monitoring and modulating function via the peripheral nervous system. Here, the authors present an ultraconformable cuff capable of high-resolution recording and stimulation of nerve activity in freely-moving conditions.
- Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte
- , Alexander J. Boys
- & George G. Malliaras
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Article
| Open AccessATAXIN-2 intermediate-length polyglutamine expansions elicit ALS-associated metabolic and immune phenotypes
Intermediate-length repeat expansions in ATXN-2 are the strongest genetic risk factor for ALS. Here, the authors combine patient-derived motor neurons and organoids with mouse models to dissect the pathogenic effects of ATXN2 intermediate expansions.
- Renata Vieira de Sá
- , Emma Sudria-Lopez
- & R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
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Article
| Open AccessNeural populations in macaque anterior cingulate cortex encode social image identities
The anterior cingulate cortex gyrus plays an important role in social cognition. Here authors show that, in a goal-directed task without social reasoning, these neurons differentiate conspecific identities, suggesting a mechanism underlying more complex social behavior.
- Joseph Simon IV
- & Erin L. Rich
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Article
| Open AccessUnderlying dimensions of real-time word recognition in cochlear implant users
People recognize a word by resolving competition between similar sounding words as it unfolds over time. Here, the authors use the visual world paradigm in cochlear implant users to characterize the dimensionality of individual differences in how people resolve such lexical competition.
- Bob McMurray
- , Francis X. Smith
- & Sarah Colby
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Article
| Open AccessDirect stimulation of anterior insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex disrupts economic choices
Activity in the vmPFC and anterior insula is associated with economic choice and confidence, but their causal involvement is unclear. Here, the authors show that intracranial stimulation of subregions of these areas has distinct effects on risk-taking, loss sensitivity and confidence judgments.
- Romane Cecchi
- , Antoine Collomb-Clerc
- & Julien Bastin
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Article
| Open AccessDistinct roles of monkey OFC-subcortical pathways in adaptive behavior
The OFC is at the core of value-based adaptive decision-making. Here, the authors demonstrate dissociable contributions of primate OFC-subcortical pathways to different behavioral strategies by combining chemogenetics with a model-fitting approach.
- Kei Oyama
- , Kei Majima
- & Takafumi Minamimoto
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Article
| Open AccesshnRNP R promotes O-GlcNAcylation of eIF4G and facilitates axonal protein synthesis
HnRNP R regulates the axonal transcriptome. Here the authors show that hnRNP R is a component of translation initiation complexes and interacts with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (Ogt), promoting O-GlcNAcylation of eIF4G.
- Abdolhossein Zare
- , Saeede Salehi
- & Michael Sendtner
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Article
| Open AccessEndocranial development in non-avian dinosaurs reveals an ontogenetic brain trajectory distinct from extant archosaurs
Living birds are highly encephalized. Here, the authors study brain endocasts from Psittacosaurus and other dinosaur ontogenetic series with geometric morphometrics, finding that non-avian dinosaurs show a growth trajectory unique from extant archosaurs.
- Logan King
- , Qi Zhao
- & Akinobu Watanabe
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Article
| Open AccessGalectins induced from hemocytes bridge phosphatidylserine and N-glycosylated Drpr/CED-1 receptor during dendrite pruning
How Draper activates phagocytosis is not well understood. Here, the authors show that two Drosophila galectins, Hdg and Ctg, are secreted from hemocytes after dendrite injury and bridge phosphatidylserine and Draper to active phagocytosis.
- Hsin-Ho Sung
- , Hsun Li
- & Cheng-Ting Chien
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Article
| Open AccessNgfr+ cholinergic projection from SI/nBM to mPFC selectively regulates temporal order recognition memory
Functional roles of the diverse cholinergic subpopulations such as those in the substantia innominate (SI) and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nBM) are not fully understood. Here the authors show that Ngfr+ cholinergic neurons in the SI/nBM-mPFC circuit selectively regulates recency judgement in recognition memory.
- Fan Mei
- , Chen Zhao
- & Bai Lu
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Article
| Open AccessAn essential role for the latero-medial secondary visual cortex in the acquisition and retention of visual perceptual learning in mice
While information conveyed to the primary visual cortex (V1) by top-down signals is thought to be required for visual perceptual learning, it remains unknown whether it is possible to modulate visual perceptual learning by manipulating top-down neuronal activity. Here the authors employ a mouse model of visual perceptual learning in a forced-choice visual discrimination task to demonstrate an essential role of the latero-medial secondary visual cortex, the prime source for top-down feedback projections reentering V1.
- Alan Consorti
- , Gabriele Sansevero
- & Alessandro Sale
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Article
| Open AccessSlow ramping emerges from spontaneous fluctuations in spiking neural networks
The neural mechanisms for initiating endogenous actions remain unclear. Here the authors show that slow ramping signals emerge spontaneously in artificial spiking neural networks and confirm model predictions in recordings of single neurons from human frontal cortex.
- Jake Gavenas
- , Ueli Rutishauser
- & Uri Maoz
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Article
| Open AccessAn output-null signature of inertial load in motor cortex
Motor cortex generates commands for voluntary movement, but its role in tasks driven by a spinal pattern generator remains unclear. Here, the authors identify a cortical signal for inertial load in locomoting mice that is decoupled from motor output.
- Eric A. Kirk
- , Keenan T. Hope
- & Britton A. Sauerbrei
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Article
| Open AccessPrefrontal cortex molecular clock modulates development of depression-like phenotype and rapid antidepressant response in mice
Depression is associated with dysregulated circadian rhythms. Here, the authors show a critical role for mPFC molecular clock in regulating depression-like behavior and therapeutic potential of clock modulators influencing glutamatergic plasticity.
- David H. Sarrazin
- , Wilf Gardner
- & Tsvetan Serchov
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Article
| Open AccessRelating sex-bias in human cortical and hippocampal microstructure to sex hormones
Here, the authors demonstrate that cortical microstructure in young adults shows marked sex bias, which is most pronounced in paralimbic areas. The effects are put into context with variations in sex hormones and local cytoarchitecture.
- Svenja Küchenhoff
- , Şeyma Bayrak
- & Sofie L. Valk
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Article
| Open AccessStage-dependent role of interhemispheric pathway for motor recovery in primates
Whether and how the non-lesional sensorimotor cortex contributes to the post-injury recovery are not fully understood. The authors, show that the interhemispheric pathway between the premotor cortices contributed to hand movements in early recovery after damage to the corticospinal tract in primates.
- Masahiro Mitsuhashi
- , Reona Yamaguchi
- & Tadashi Isa
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Perspective
| Open AccessSleep-like cortical dynamics during wakefulness and their network effects following brain injury
In this Perspective, the authors propose that brain injury can result in sleep-like slowing of cortical EEG waves during wakefulness. The generation of these dynamics and their effects on brain networks and behavior are discussed, as well as future directions for neuromodulation.
- Marcello Massimini
- , Maurizio Corbetta
- & Simone Sarasso
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Article
| Open AccessMutant huntingtin impairs neurodevelopment in human brain organoids through CHCHD2-mediated neurometabolic failure
Using brain organoids models, Prigione and colleagues uncovered the impact of Huntington’s disease on human brain developmental and identified early dysregulation of CHCHD2, which disrupted mitochondria and might serve as a therapeutic target.
- Pawel Lisowski
- , Selene Lickfett
- & Alessandro Prigione
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Article
| Open AccessLoss of symmetric cell division of apical neural progenitors drives DENND5A-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies are devastating neurological disorders. Here, the authors establish a cohort of patients with variants in the gene DENND5A and use human stem cells to discover a disease mechanism involving altered cell division.
- Emily Banks
- , Vincent Francis
- & Peter S. McPherson
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Article
| Open AccessA population of Insula neurons encodes for social preference only after acute social isolation in mice
The nature and role of insular interhemispheric communications remains underexplored in social anxiety processing. Here the authors show that insular neurons play a role in social preference encoding during acute social isolation.
- Christelle Glangetas
- , Adriane Guillaumin
- & François Georges
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Article
| Open AccessEgocentric neural representation of geometric vertex in the retrosplenial cortex
Neural basis of egocentric cognitive maps for goal-directed navigation is not fully understood. Here the authors discovered that neurons in the retrosplenial cortex perform egocentric vector coding of geometric vertices in the complex environment, which are important in constructing egocentric cognitive maps for goal-directed navigation.
- Kyerl Park
- , Yoonsoo Yeo
- & Jeehyun Kwag
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Article
| Open AccessPredictions enable top-down pattern separation in the macaque face-processing hierarchy
Here, the authors show predictions increase pattern-separation and dimensionality in early face-processing areas. Lower face areas dynamically inherit tuning properties from higher areas. Predictions enable top-down separability and invariance for identity recognition.
- Tarana Nigam
- & Caspar M. Schwiedrzik
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Article
| Open AccessReplay-triggered brain-wide activation in humans
This study uses simultaneous EEG-fMRI to investigate how the brain replays past experiences, revealing that transient replay events by EEG correspond with increased hippocampal activity and enhanced connectivity with the default mode network in fMRI.
- Qi Huang
- , Zhibing Xiao
- & Yunzhe Liu
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Article
| Open AccessA physical derivation of high-flux ion transport in biological channel via quantum ion coherence
Authors demonstrate coherence of the K+ ions confined in potassium-selective channels, which determines transport. The coherent oscillation state of confined K+ ions in the channel dominates each transport event, serving as the physical basis for the high flux of channel.
- Yue Wang
- , Yixiao Hu
- & Lei Jiang
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Article
| Open AccessDynamics of directional motor tuning in the primate premotor and primary motor cortices during sensorimotor learning
Motor cortex is critical for sensorimotor learning. Here the authors show that dynamic directional motor tuning in premotor cortex, but not primary motor cortex, is related to improvement in performance of the newly learned movement.
- Teppei Ebina
- , Akitaka Sasagawa
- & Masanori Matsuzaki
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Article
| Open AccessOlfactory bulb astrocytes link social transmission of stress to cognitive adaptation in male mice
By focusing attention to potential dangers, social transmission of stress is key for animal survival. Here the authors show that CB1-dependent control of astrocyte mitochondria is necessary to assign cognitive value to odorants from stressed conspecifics.
- Paula Gómez-Sotres
- , Urszula Skupio
- & Giovanni Marsicano
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Article
| Open AccessTemporal regularities shape perceptual decisions and striatal dopamine signals
The world exhibits temporal regularities that can be exploited to improve perceptual decisions. Here, the authors show that mice adapt to such regularities, well described by reinforcement learning, and that dopamine release in the striatum tracks this adaptation.
- Matthias Fritsche
- , Antara Majumdar
- & Armin Lak
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Article
| Open AccessPrediction-error signals in anterior cingulate cortex drive task-switching
Our brains constantly detect discrepancies between predicted and observed events to update our knowledge of the world. Here the authors identify a neural signal driving this cognitive update and an inhibitory circuit involved in computing the prediction mismatch.
- Nicholas Cole
- , Matthew Harvey
- & Adil G. Khan
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Article
| Open AccessMapping the structure-function relationship along macroscale gradients in the human brain
Collins et al. bridge neuroscience and natural language to describe how the structure-function relationship varies by specific region and function in the human brain, offering insight into the diversity and evolution of neural network properties.
- Evan Collins
- , Omar Chishti
- & Hitten P. Zaveri
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Article
| Open AccessSemaphorin heterodimerization in cis regulates membrane targeting and neocortical wiring
Disruption of neocortical circuitry and architecture causes neurodevelopmental disorders. Here the authors find that migration and axon projection of upper layer neurons are dependent on Sema7A-Sema4D heterodimerization, and that insufficient transcription of Sema7A or incomplete glycosylation of Sema4D inhibit these processes.
- Paraskevi Bessa
- , Andrew G. Newman
- & Victor Tarabykin
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Article
| Open AccessMotor innervation directs the correct development of the mouse sympathetic nervous system
How tissues interact to help each other grow is a major question for biologists. Here, the authors show that motor innervation controls positioning of sympathetic progenitor cells to ensure correct shaping of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system.
- Alek G. Erickson
- , Alessia Motta
- & Igor Adameyko
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Article
| Open AccessFocal seizures induce spatiotemporally organized spiking activity in the human cortex
The precise mechanism by which seizures disrupt neural coding remains unclear. Here, the authors show that discharges arising from the seizure source travel macroscopic distances, where they go on to influence spiking sequences at the microscopic scale.
- Joshua M. Diamond
- , Julio I. Chapeton
- & Kareem A. Zaghloul
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Article
| Open AccessSingle-cell analysis of innate spinal cord regeneration identifies intersecting modes of neuronal repair
The roadmap to promote neural repair after spinal cord injury remains elusive. Here, longitudinal single-cell sequencing in adult zebrafish identifies intersecting modes of neuronal plasticity and neurogenesis during innate neural repair.
- Vishnu Muraleedharan Saraswathy
- , Lili Zhou
- & Mayssa H. Mokalled
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Article
| Open AccessOlfactory sensory neuron population expansions influence projection neuron adaptation and enhance odour tracking
Sensory neuron population expansions are common in evolution but of unclear function. Here, the authors show that, in drosophilid olfactory systems, increased sensory neuron number impacts interneuron dynamics, but not sensitivity, to promote olfactory-guided behaviour.
- Suguru Takagi
- , Gizem Sancer
- & Richard Benton
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Article
| Open AccessExistence of multiple transitions of the critical state due to anesthetics
The significance of deviations from scale-free (SF) neural activity for consciousness is unclear. Using anesthetics, the authors show multiple paths from SF activity, indicating a complex relationship between non-SF activity and the participant’s state.
- Davor Curic
- , Donovan M. Ashby
- & Jörn Davidsen
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Article
| Open AccessC5aR1 antagonism suppresses inflammatory glial responses and alters cellular signaling in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
The complement pathway has been proposed as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pharmacologic inhibition of C5aR1 suppresses disease-enhancing processes and promotes disease mitigating pathways in an aggressive model of AD.
- Nicole D. Schartz
- , Heidi Y. Liang
- & Andrea J. Tenner
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Article
| Open AccessReach-dependent reorientation of rotational dynamics in motor cortex
When reaching, motor cortex acts as a dynamical system. Here, the authors demonstrate that motor cortex dynamics are high-dimensional, but lie on a curved manifold that transforms movement representations to time-varying outputs.
- David A. Sabatini
- & Matthew T. Kaufman
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Article
| Open AccessPhosphatidic acid is an endogenous negative regulator of PIEZO2 channels and mechanical sensitivity
Mechanosensitive channel PIEZO2, but not PIEZO1, can be inhibited by the protein TMEM120A (TACAN), but the mechanism was unclear. Here, the authors show that TMEM120A increases the levels of phosphatidic acid, which is shown to be a selective inhibitor of PIEZO2.
- Matthew Gabrielle
- , Yevgen Yudin
- & Tibor Rohacs
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Article
| Open AccessMitochondrial network reorganization and transient expansion during oligodendrocyte generation
The organelle dynamics that occur during oligodendrocyte generation are unclear. Here, the authors show that mitochondrial features delineate cell lineage checkpoints and mitochondrial motility in precursors is modified by brain arousal state.
- Xhoela Bame
- & Robert A. Hill
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Article
| Open AccessTheta-burst direct electrical stimulation remodels human brain networks
Neural mechanisms underpinning theta burst stimulation (TBS) and its implications for neuropsychiatric disorders are not fully understood. Here authors show theta burst stimulation delivered by intracranial electrodes results in measurable responses that change over time, suggestive of neuroplasticity. These responses can be predicted by baseline biophysical parameters such as functional connectivity.
- Yuhao Huang
- , Rina Zelmann
- & Angelique C. Paulk
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Article
| Open AccessA concentration of visual cortex-like neurons in prefrontal cortex
Functional roles of primate ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in visual processing are not fully understood. Here, authors show that some vlPFC neurons have receptive fields, image selectivity, and can synthesize stimuli using deep generative networks, indicating their role in visual encoding.
- Olivia Rose
- & Carlos R. Ponce
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