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Minato and colleagues identify progenitors of Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs; p. 304, see also News and Views by Hollander, p. 234). The original image (bottom) shows CD31+ endothelial cells (red), keratin 18-positive cortical TECs (blue) and keratin 5-positive mTECs (green) in the thymus of a 4-week-old mouse. Yellow indicates overlap of red and green fluorescence. Immunofluorescence by Jason Gill. Artwork by Lewis Long.
Maternal-infant transmission provides a useful model for the study of immune factors associated with protection against the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus and has emphasized the importance of CCL3 in protective immunity to this virus.
The 4th International NKT Cell & CD1 Workshop was held 4–8 October 2006 at the Abbazia di Spineto, in the heart of Tuscany. This report highlights cutting-edge research and issues discussed at the meeting.
Localized vitamin metabolism by dendritic cells generates homing cues that direct lymphocytes to specific tissues. Gut tropism is linked to vitamin A and now epidermal skin tropism is linked to vitamin D processing.
Epithelial cells responding to inflammatory stimuli can initiate class switching and antibody secretion in naive B cells. TSLP, BAFF and SLPI are epithelial cell–derived local regulators of effector B cell responses in mucosal environments.
The signaling adaptor Act1 is now shown in vivo to be essential for interleukin 17–mediated inflammation in the brain during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in gut epithelial cells during induced colitis.
'Promiscuous' gene expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells positive for the autoimmune regulator Aire is critical for central T cell tolerance. Expression of the tight-junction components claudin-3 and claudin-4 'marks' Aire+ epithelial cells in the postnatal thymus and their direct precursors in the embryo.