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Most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-2), shown here as orange virions, do not progress to AIDS. Rowland-Jones and Whittle discuss HIV-2 pathogenesis and what it can teach about protective immunity to HIV-1 (p 329). Artwork by Lewis Long.
The transcriptional regulators Foxp3 and Aire have key functions in self-tolerance. New studies emphasize potential links between Aire-expressing thymic stromal cells and the development of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells.
Alloreactive T cell responses are considered the product of 'degenerate' recognition by T cells of many different complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex. New work shows instead that T cell receptor alloresponses are highly 'polyspecific' for such complexes.
Limited niche availability restricts the number of long-lived plasma cells that can reside in the bone marrow. New research describes homeostatic regulatory mechanisms that allow newly 'minted' plasma cells to gain entry to such niches.
Recruitment of lymphocytes to the lymph nodes requires L-selectin-mediated recognition of carbohydrate determinants presented by O-glycans. New work shows that N-glycans 'decorated' with the same determinants also contribute to lymphocyte homing.