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Artistic interpretation of rheumatoid arthritis synovium (black). A recent mouse model of arthritis highlighted glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) as a target for both autoreactive antibodies and T cells. Now Ditzel and colleagues show that GPI (green in the tissue section) is a target of antibodies in the human disease, as well. Fluorescence micrograph of a synovium from article on page 746. Red denotes propridium iodide–stained nuclei. Painting is acrylic on paper by Michael Malicki.
Historical insight: For years the function of the thymus remained a mystery. Investigations into murine leukemia led, 40 years ago next month, to the first connection of the thymus to immune function. We asked Jacques Miller to put this immunological milestone in perspective.
Identification of SH2D1A as the defective gene in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome highlighted the importance of SAP in the regulation of T cell activation. New data suggest an alternative explanation for how SAP controls signaling.
The molecular events behind T cell quiescence are poorly understood. Evidence is now emerging that the transcription factor LKLF can potentially programme cells to a resting state in a c-Myc–dependent manner.
Unlike the BCR, the TCR cannot undergo affinity maturation. However, T cells respond with greater sensitivity to antigen during an immune response. New evidence suggests T cells undergo avidity maturation to enhance T cell responsiveness in the absence of changes in intrinsic affinity.
Certain types of regulatory T cells are preferentially induced at mucosal surfaces to maintain tolerance. However, the mechanisms involved in their induction are unclear. New evidence suggests DCs orchestrate this mucosal tolerogenic immune response.