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How regulatory T cells control autoimmunity in vivo is controversial. Bluestone and colleagues (p 83; News and Views by Bousso, p 11) show using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy that regulatory T cells interact directly with dendritic cells but not islet-specific T helper cells in pancreatic lymph nodes. The image depicts regulatory T cells (red) swarming around dendritic cells (yellowish green). Original image by Qizhi Tang. Artwork by Lewis Long.
Historical accounts of important experiments in Immunology provide insight and continuity to present areas of research. Jacques F.A.P. Miller inaugurates the Essay format with his seminal work on the thymus.
CD8+ T cell recognition of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is essential for effective antiviral and antitumor immune responses. How the repertoire of peptides is selected, shaped and presented is becoming increasingly clear.
The thymus is considered the source of mature lymphocytes and is not thought to produce progenitors with the capacity to develop into unconventional T cells in the periphery. That view requires revision.
How regulatory T cells dampen T cell responses in vivo remains unclear. Direct visualization of regulatory T cell activity in an autoimmune setting provides exciting new insights into regulatory T cell–mediated suppression.
Discrimination between self and bacterial DNA has been attributed in part to differential modification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA. However, cellular localization of innate DNA receptors may be even more important.
The function of TRAF3, a member of the family of tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factors, has remained an enigma. Two recent Nature papers now show that TRAF3 regulates interferon and interleukin 10 production.