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The presence of extra chromosomes and/or centrosomes prolongs the duration of mitosis. The image depicts a tetraploid human spindle during prometaphase. Triple-staining for centrosomes (green), microtubules (red) and DNA (white).letter p748
Funding agencies have set up dedicated schemes to help the plight of young principal investigators. But is the playing field level for all qualified scientists?
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) stimulates phosphorylation of TGF-β type I receptor. This receptor is now shown to be sumoylated, leading to enhanced activation and modulation of the downstream Smad signalling pathway.
The autophagy pathway functions in adaptation to nutrient stress and tumour suppression. The p53 tumour suppressor, previously thought to positively regulate autophagy, may also inhibit it. This dual interplay between p53 and autophagy regulation is enigmatic, but may underlie key aspects of metabolism and cancer biology.
Store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs) are activated in response to Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is the ER sensor that transmits the stored Ca2+ content to the pore-forming SOCs Orai and TRPC channels. Recent studies reveal high levels of Orai1 and STIM1 in skeletal muscle, and a prominent role of SOCs in muscle development and function.