Abstract
Membrane fission is a fundamental process in the regulation and remodelling of cell membranes. Dynamin, a large GTPase, mediates membrane fission by assembling around, constricting and cleaving the necks of budding vesicles1. Here we report a 3.75 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the membrane-associated helical polymer of human dynamin-1 in the GMPPCP-bound state. The structure defines the helical symmetry of the dynamin polymer and the positions of its oligomeric interfaces, which were validated by cell-based endocytosis assays. Compared to the lipid-free tetramer form2, membrane-associated dynamin binds to the lipid bilayer with its pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) and self-assembles across the helical rungs via its guanine nucleotide-binding (GTPase) domain3. Notably, interaction with the membrane and helical assembly are accommodated by a severely bent bundle signalling element (BSE), which connects the GTPase domain to the rest of the protein. The BSE conformation is asymmetric across the inter-rung GTPase interface, and is unique compared to all known nucleotide-bound states of dynamin. The structure suggests that the BSE bends as a result of forces generated from the GTPase dimer interaction that are transferred across the stalk to the PHD and lipid membrane. Mutations that disrupted the BSE kink impaired endocytosis. We also report a 10.1 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy map of a super-constricted dynamin polymer showing localized conformational changes at the BSE and GTPase domains, induced by GTP hydrolysis, that drive membrane constriction. Together, our results provide a structural basis for the mechanism of action of dynamin on the lipid membrane.
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Change history
30 October 2018
In Figs. 2b and 3d of this Letter, the labels ‘Dynamin 1’ and ‘Overlay’ were inadvertently swapped. This has been corrected online.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the NIDDK and NHLBI NIH Intramural Research Program. This work used the Simons Electron Microscopy Center and National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy (NRAMM) located at the New York Structural Biology Center (supported by grants from the Simons Foundation (349247), NYSTAR, and the NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM103310) with additional support from the Agouron Institute (F00316) and NIH (S10 OD019994-01)), the NHLBI light microscopy core facility, the NHLBI flow cytometry core facility and the computational resources of the NIH HPC Biowulf cluster (http://hpc.nih.gov). We thank P. Flicker, J. Kehr, J. Morin-Leisk, A. Shuali and A. Sundborger for discussions; P. Dagur for technical assistance with flow cytometry; and B. Carragher and C. Potter for technical assistance with data collection at NRAMM.
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Nature thanks S. Scheres and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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L.K. and J.E.H. designed the research; L.K. and J.E.H. prepared protein samples; L.K., H.W., W.J.R. and J.E.H. collected cryo-EM data; L.K., S.F., A.D.K., H.W., B.C. and J.E.H. processed and analysed the data; K.A.S. and J.W.T. designed and performed cell-based assays; M.-P.S. generated all constructs for cell-based assays; L.K. and J.E.H. wrote the paper; all authors were asked to comment on the manuscript.
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Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 Cryo-EM parameters and data analysis.
a, Diameter distribution of dynamin tubes in the absence or presence of GMPPCP or GTP. Scale bar, 200 nm. Each experiment was repeated three independent times with similar results. b, Local resolution and helical parameters. R, rise; T, twist; SPT, subunits per helical turn. c, Gold standard FSC curves of the dynamin 3D maps. d, Model-to-map FSC curves. Dotted blue line indicates gold standard resolution at 0.5 FSC.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Cryo-EM data collection and processing flowchart.
Starting from the top, the flowchart details the pathways of three separate samples (red, green and blue) of dynamin protein through imaging and processing. The samples were imaged by two different microscopes, and then three different conformational states were selected manually. Each of these states was processed separately by Spider and then Relion. The red stars in the polymer diameter histograms indicate the diameters of the particles used for the final reconstructions. See Methods for details.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Dynamin helical tubes and their Fourier transforms.
a, b, Representative cryo-EM images (left) of two dynamin polymers in different conformations. Each experiment was repeated three independent times with similar results. Right, Fourier transforms of the polymer images. The strong layer lines associated with the pitch (red arrows) are highlighted. The distance of the layer lines from the meridian (m), highlighted by dotted black lines, indicate that the dynGTP polymer is a two-start helix, whereas the dynGMPPCP polymer is a one-start helix. c, d, Power spectra of 2D class averages from dynGTP (c) and dynGMPPCP (d), highlighting the differences between a two-start and one-start helix. e, f, Sections of the dynGMPPCP (e) and dynGTP (f) maps starting from the outside and going to the middle section. A top middle section looking down the centre of the tubes is shown in the top left panels.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Functional cell-based assays probing dynamin mutants and structural comparison of the BSE hinge.
a, Transferrin uptake of additional interface 3 mutants. Wild-type and K44A are shown for comparison. Mean ± propagated s.d. from n = 3 biological replicates are shown. Also shown are single GFP+ biological replicates that are each background subtracted and referenced to mean values (grey dots). Experiment was repeated and trends verified with n = 2 biologically independent experiments. b, Comparison of α5G and α2B helices from dynGMPPCP (cryo-bent and cryo-unbent, respectively) and available crystal structures, including dynamin bound to GMPPCP (PCP 1 and 2, PDB ID: 3ZYC), dynamin bound to GDP-AlF (GDP-AlF 1 and 2, PDB ID: 2X2E) and dynamin bound to GDP (GDP 1 and 2, PDB ID: 5D3Q). The number after each structure (1 or 2) represents the first or the second member of the dynamin dimer presented in each structure.
Extended Data Fig. 5 FACS gating.
a–h, To test the robustness of our gating, we used either side-scattering (a–d) or DAPI (e–h) to isolate single cells in two different experimental replicates. In both cases, single cells were isolated from debris (a, e). Single cells were then separated into GFP– and GFP+ gates (b, c, f, g). Controls lacking transfection or transferrin uptake (b, f) informed gating choices. Inhibitory mutants exhibited a characteristic dip in transferrin fluorescence in the GFP+ cells (c, g). The exact fraction of transferrin uptake was dependent on GFP+ gating choices (d, h) while qualitative trends were consistent. Mean ± propagated s.d. from n = 3 biological replicates are shown. Also shown are single GFP+ biological replicates that are each background subtracted and referenced to mean values (grey dots).
Extended Data Fig. 6 Comparison of dynGMPPCP and dynAPO at interface G2.
a, A large swing in the BSE of the tetramer in the apo conformation (PDB ID: 5A3F) disrupts interface G2. The apo tetramer and cryo-EM dynGMPPCP structure (GMPPCP-bound conformation) were aligned by the stalk. Curved arrow indicates the movement of the G domain. Domains are coloured green for GTPase, pink for BSE, blue for stalk in monomer B, and purple for GTPase, orange for BSE, tan for stalk in monomer A. b, Interface G2, coloured as above, in cryo-EM map of dynGMPPCP (grey mesh).
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Kong, L., Sochacki, K.A., Wang, H. et al. Cryo-EM of the dynamin polymer assembled on lipid membrane. Nature 560, 258–262 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0378-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0378-6
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