Abstract
Expressions such as ‘sleep on it’ refer to the resolution of distressing experiences across a night of sound sleep. Sleep is an active state during which the brain reorganizes the synaptic connections that form memories. This Perspective proposes a model of how sleep modifies emotional memory traces. Sleep-dependent reorganization occurs through neurophysiological events in neurochemical contexts that determine the fates of synapses to grow, to survive or to be pruned. We discuss how low levels of acetylcholine during non-rapid eye movement sleep and low levels of noradrenaline during rapid eye movement sleep provide a unique window of opportunity for plasticity in neuronal representations of emotional memories that resolves the associated distress. We integrate sleep-facilitated adaptation over three levels: experience and behaviour, neuronal circuits, and synaptic events. The model generates testable hypotheses for how failed sleep-dependent adaptation to emotional distress is key to mental disorders, notably disorders of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress with the common aetiology of insomnia.
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Acknowledgements
Y.C. discloses support for this work from the Cota Robles Fellowship. G.R.P. discloses support from the National Institute of Mental Health (R01 Grant MH60670). H.W.K. discloses support from the Brain Foundation Netherlands (DR-2018-00252). E.J.W.V.S. discloses support from the European Research Council (ERC-ADG-2014-671084 INSOMNIA and ERC-2021-ADG-101055383 OVERNIGHT) and from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) project REMOVE 09120011910032. R.W. discloses support from the Sydney Local Health District and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Investigator Grant GNT1196636).
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Cabrera, Y., Koymans, K.J., Poe, G.R. et al. Overnight neuronal plasticity and adaptation to emotional distress. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 253–271 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w