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  • Perspective
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PET/MR imaging of inflammation in atherosclerosis

Nature Biomedical Engineering volume 7, pages 202–220 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Myocardial infarction, stroke, mental disorders, neurodegenerative processes, autoimmune diseases, cancer and the human immunodeficiency virus impact the haematopoietic system, which through immunity and inflammation may aggravate pre-existing atherosclerosis. The interplay between the haematopoietic system and its modulation of atherosclerosis has been studied by imaging the cardiovascular system and the activation of haematopoietic organs via scanners integrating positron emission tomography and resonance imaging (PET/MRI). In this Perspective, we review the applicability of integrated whole-body PET/MRI for the study of immune-mediated phenomena associated with haematopoietic activity and cardiovascular disease, and discuss the translational opportunities and challenges of the technology.

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Fig. 1: Associations between atherosclerosis and the immune system.
Fig. 2: Timeline of the development of PET/MR imaging systems.
Fig. 3: PET and MR imaging.
Fig. 4: Immuno-PET probes evaluated in different haematopoietic-mediated conditions.
Fig. 5: Associations between atherosclerosis and its comorbidities, as evaluated by PET/MRI.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the American Heart Association (17PRE33660729, M.L.S.); the ‘De Drie Lichten’ Foundation in the Netherlands (M.L.S.); the National Institutes of Health grant R01HL122177 (A.T.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grants (HL139598, HL131495, HL142495, NS108419) and the MGH Research Scholar Award (M.N.); the National Institutes of Health grants R01 HL118440, R01 HL125703 and R01HL144072; ZonMW Vidi 91713324 and Vici 91818622 (W.J.M.M.); and the NIH grants P01HL131478, R01HL071021, R01HL128056, R01HL144072, R01HL135878 and R01HL143814 (Z.A.F.). All figures were designed using Servier Medical Art (http://www.servier.com).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Max L. Senders, Claudia Calcagno & Zahi A. Fayad

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Max L. Senders & Willem J. M. Mulder

  3. Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Ahmed Tawakol

  4. Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Matthias Nahrendorf

  5. Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

    Willem J. M. Mulder

  6. Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands

    Willem J. M. Mulder

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Contributions

W.J.M.M. and Z.A.F. designed the outline of the manuscript. M.L.S., C.C. and W.J.M.M. wrote the manuscript, and M.L.S. composed the initial figures. All authors discussed the content, reviewed and edited the manuscript, and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

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Senders, M.L., Calcagno, C., Tawakol, A. et al. PET/MR imaging of inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nat. Biomed. Eng 7, 202–220 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00970-7

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